tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75774078175804333112024-03-17T15:30:33.606-07:00A Wandering BotanistTales of a lover of plants, history and travel.A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.comBlogger586125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-84414426212897737282024-03-17T15:30:00.000-07:002024-03-17T15:30:00.157-07:00Plant Story--Catnip, Nepeta cataria, a Well-Known Weedy Herb<p> Catnip, <i>Nepeta cataria</i>, is one of the better-known little herbs because it is a drug for cats. Cats respond to catnip for about 15 minutes, with distinctive behaviors from rubbing on their faces and rolling in it to grooming and salivating. Young kittens do not respond and some adult cats never do. On the other hand, the response is widespread among cats of all kinds, lions, tigers, cheetahs, lynx, pumas and so on, but not dogs or rabbits or rats or other groups of animals. Since cats are common pets, people provide or grow catnip for them, with the result that catnip is known to many people.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTn9RpFrGO0OyR8QFZZ2OuLxg933-U_h9vyc-F9NJNRpwgOQVKzmxhTjBD9vAkst1dW7ZKJEO9P0-4lHzoxpVnYfY5_pQixil_LLK1FxjHzfDsi7PM9B3sHhaVp6ow34xQqcMD83LLfRoD8oOKHYPbdUfzz2NkMGTK5zvkL0T5zyZXnwK3xvFTdeeS08g/s1868/IMG_5504.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="catnip, Nepeta cataria" border="0" data-original-height="1868" data-original-width="1577" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTn9RpFrGO0OyR8QFZZ2OuLxg933-U_h9vyc-F9NJNRpwgOQVKzmxhTjBD9vAkst1dW7ZKJEO9P0-4lHzoxpVnYfY5_pQixil_LLK1FxjHzfDsi7PM9B3sHhaVp6ow34xQqcMD83LLfRoD8oOKHYPbdUfzz2NkMGTK5zvkL0T5zyZXnwK3xvFTdeeS08g/w338-h400/IMG_5504.JPG" title="catnip, Nepeta cataria" width="338" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">catnip, <i>Nepeta cataria<br /><br /></i></td></tr></tbody></table><span><a name='more'></a></span><p>Catnip is a mint, in the mint family Lamiaceae, related to spearmint, basil, and sage, the Lamiaceae being a huge family. Catnip's genus <i>Nepeta</i> is native to Eurasia and Africa, with about 250 species. Some other species of <i>Nepeta</i> elicit a response from cats but it is generally weaker than to catnip, because catnip is particularly rich in the compound, nepetalactone, to which cats react. Other <i>Nepeta</i> species have no effect on cats. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLuAIQkA9Gw6XXku1V6aC5xJip8KM4YKzO1pZfW9hinlHa_LuvgIGyCZfyGK3R9sAJKztIWN_VMLd_OXHaUEww02WXcmc8Hv6Phz8gd7QigsIsISsNrtnicIPKeHY3nQ2jrYc9fWf_2kpLjc8MdRHG6OlpL33Hfq6oIqZxk6FT7ZlHcMPzsvuIZ7eTq7E/s4000/IMG_4570.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="catnip, Nepeta cataria" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLuAIQkA9Gw6XXku1V6aC5xJip8KM4YKzO1pZfW9hinlHa_LuvgIGyCZfyGK3R9sAJKztIWN_VMLd_OXHaUEww02WXcmc8Hv6Phz8gd7QigsIsISsNrtnicIPKeHY3nQ2jrYc9fWf_2kpLjc8MdRHG6OlpL33Hfq6oIqZxk6FT7ZlHcMPzsvuIZ7eTq7E/w300-h400/IMG_4570.JPG" title="catnip, Nepeta cataria" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">catnip, <i>Nepeta cataria</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Catnip is sometimes called catmint, an accurate name because it is a mint which attracts cats. However, <i>Nepeta cataria</i> is so much more common and widespread than any other member of the genus <i>Nepeta </i>that it is useful to call it catnip, the most popular common name in English, and designate all other <i>Nepeta</i> species as catmints, for example Persian catmint <i>Nepeta racemosa</i> and Japanese catmint <i>Nepeta subsessilis</i>. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>The scientific name <i>Nepeta</i> is supposed to be based on an Etruscan city, Nepete, modern Nepi, in central Italy, where the plant was very abundant. The species epithet, <i>cataria</i>, is an old name for the plant meaning "of cats". <i>Cattus</i> does not occur as the word for cat in classical Latin, but by the 6th century it had been added to the language, probably from an unknown African language. Linnaeus picked <i>cataria</i> when giving catnip its scientific name.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Catnip and other <i>Nepeta</i> species have been used as medicines in Europe for more than two millennia. It is often unclear in old herbal writings whether the medicine was catnip or a different, local catmint, though all the <i>Nepeta</i> species tend to share active ingredients.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Catnip is from southern and eastern Europe and was spread widely. The Greeks and Romans recognized the attraction of cats to catnip and grew it for them, as well as using it as a tea and tonic. Romans carried it to northern Europe and Europeans carried it to the world. It quickly escaped and naturalized, so that in 1843 Beach, in his book on plants and medicine, considered it native. Today it is found in every state except Hawaii and all but Arctic Canada.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG3H9fMcGeXSGSQ5LC6c4_VUkfBpqLhF_Hl_YTVPtg4CRClnWIld3gpDi3rTtMb1sqEP4TCoFvZAtmUYtKv86VgXH1TktOSAgOSOp7OjIegy03Jgz1WTYZREgdGlm8I9MjqIoezjOpMgriHGecPezlHr7UzWPskZAdOH0lKjT7BwHzELAG5h2c-Lis3kU/s2816/IMG_5496.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="catnip, Nepeta cataria" border="0" data-original-height="2112" data-original-width="2816" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG3H9fMcGeXSGSQ5LC6c4_VUkfBpqLhF_Hl_YTVPtg4CRClnWIld3gpDi3rTtMb1sqEP4TCoFvZAtmUYtKv86VgXH1TktOSAgOSOp7OjIegy03Jgz1WTYZREgdGlm8I9MjqIoezjOpMgriHGecPezlHr7UzWPskZAdOH0lKjT7BwHzELAG5h2c-Lis3kU/w400-h300/IMG_5496.JPG" title="catnip, Nepeta cataria" width="400" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Catnip flowers are about 1/4" in length, white, with reddish or purplish markings in the flower's throat. They are quite attractive to bees. The leaves are slightly fuzzy and give off a gentle minty smell when bruised. The plants produce large numbers of small dark seeds.</div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Humans have used medicinally for a wide range of ailments. It was used to treat colic, cough, asthma and bronchitis. It was taken as tea as a sedative and to help people sleep. It countered diarrhea and was applied externally to treat hemorrhoids. It was laid on as a poultice to treat swelling. </span><div><br /></div><div>Catnip leaves are lightly minty, others call it a lemony-mint flavor, and have been used, fresh or dried, as a traditional flavoring, in juices, salads, soups and sauces, egg dishes and a variety of cooked foods. Today catnip seems mainly reserved for cats, but it is still a valid spice. I drew a blank looking for online recipes for human food flavored with catnip. <span style="font-size: x-small;">(I'll check older sources when I get a chance.) </span>The only specific I can give is from second-hand reports that forager Euell Gibbons served candied catnip leaves as an after-dinner digestive aid, dipping each leaf into a mixture of beaten egg white and lemon juice, sprinking each side with sugar, and letting dry for a day or two, then storing them, tightly closed, in the refrigerator until used. </div><div><br /></div><div>Most commonly, humans drank catnip tea, which tastes minty, though it is much less intense than spearmint or peppermint, and, apparently, quite volatile so its flavor is easily lost if the water is too hot or the drink stands neglected for very long. Catnip tea aided digestion and reduced anxiety. The tea produces a mild high in humans. English tradition consequently promoted drinking catnip tea to give courage to even the most timid person. (Tournefort reportedly wrote of a hangman who could not do his duty without fortifying himself by chewing catnip root.) Medical authorities consider catnip tea safe, with no toxicity or undesirable side effects, with the exception that pregnant women should not consume it. </div><div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIu3uRmjL9UzuNUZ9W773JtH2t1wSbF8yxePlSruA6yEhDdNhTbmQLxo6faMIK1RrrOnTMWEJHAruA1do8mCfJpeWlxyvWEPSgJQTsg6Qi1BMG-LFr6zX-kRnnHGammVP958EG0_1zwsYdElUcSDWY36oFLg0vHM-84ggieXoThnR3ymf1A2MlLxVESis/s2555/IMG_5499.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="catnip, Nepeta cataria, seed head" border="0" data-original-height="2555" data-original-width="1418" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIu3uRmjL9UzuNUZ9W773JtH2t1wSbF8yxePlSruA6yEhDdNhTbmQLxo6faMIK1RrrOnTMWEJHAruA1do8mCfJpeWlxyvWEPSgJQTsg6Qi1BMG-LFr6zX-kRnnHGammVP958EG0_1zwsYdElUcSDWY36oFLg0vHM-84ggieXoThnR3ymf1A2MlLxVESis/w223-h400/IMG_5499.JPG" title="seeds of catnip, Nepeta cataria" width="223" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">catnip seed head</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><br /></div><div>Studies of catnip's effect on cats show it touches the same sections of the brain that opioids do in humans, though apparently without being addictive. Recent inquiries into the evolutionary origins of the fondness of cats for catnip find that catnip oil is a mosquito repellent. They hypothesize that wild cats that had rolled in catnip were less troubled by mosquitos.</div><div><br /></div><div>Humans have used catnip as a disinfectant. It was employed to repell rats, though 20th century studies did not find evidence that rats find catnip repulsive. (Maybe the catnip attracted cats and the cats reduced the rats.)</div><div><br /></div><div>Folklore says that, hung over the door or grown nearby, catnip brings good luck. Hold a catnip leaf or shoot in your hand until it is warm, then hold hands with a person and that person will be your friend forever, provided the catnip you used is kept in a safe place. Large catnip leaves, dried, are the proper bookmarks for magical tomes.<br /><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHGKBPSKgK9BR9ekOAplfFrZgZTTEmh3WGzJVCfA6izkaFfHyX8KMbTrdKw4WDYqZQQPTAPZQqY-jkBST8JKoSXopW6t3FcuNa5wCBKKdIuFI3G6ve8gYA9PsbA6Hvyjkyn2H5GfDuz8fDtujHb2IoHgeepOoCF0Qq8l6dHYNajFx7sZZeNile_1wRANA/s1941/IMG_5500.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="catnip, Nepeta cataria" border="0" data-original-height="1941" data-original-width="1746" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHGKBPSKgK9BR9ekOAplfFrZgZTTEmh3WGzJVCfA6izkaFfHyX8KMbTrdKw4WDYqZQQPTAPZQqY-jkBST8JKoSXopW6t3FcuNa5wCBKKdIuFI3G6ve8gYA9PsbA6Hvyjkyn2H5GfDuz8fDtujHb2IoHgeepOoCF0Qq8l6dHYNajFx7sZZeNile_1wRANA/w360-h400/IMG_5500.JPG" title="catnip, Nepeta cataria" width="360" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This is a very common, weedy plant with a long history as a culinary and medicinal herb and with a fascinating relationship with cats. Check out some of the catnip videos online, if you don't have a cat that responds to catnip. (Examples <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxlHRjWS_CQ" target="_blank">link</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yo7HoloZi-w" target="_blank">link</a>). And consider catnip as a flavoring or tea. Or, just enjoy sniffing it--leaves and flowers--when its growing this spring.</div><br /><p>Comments and corrections welcome.</p><p>References</p><p>Beach, W. 1843. The Family Physician. Published by the Author. New York, New York. online <a href="https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:45432096$9i" target="_blank">link</a> catnip on p. 693 of Vegetable Materia Medica. </p><p>Cunningham, S. 1993. Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs. Llewellyn Publications, St. Paul, Minnesota. </p><p>Grieve, M. 1932. A Modern Herbal. Dover Publications, New York. </p><p>Gruenwald, J., T. Brendler, and C. JƤnicke. 2007. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 4th edition. Thomson Healthcare, Inc. Montvale, New Jersey. </p><p>Hussain, and others. 2016. Pune-Sa. Nepeta oils. in <span class="anchor-text" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: border-bottom-color 0.3s;">Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety</span><span face="ElsevierSans, Arial, Helvetica, Roboto, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif" style="caret-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;">, </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/nepeta-cataria" rel="nofollow">link </a></span></span></p><p><span style="caret-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;">Kowalchik, C. and W. H. Hylton. 1987. Rodale's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs. Rodale Press. Emmaus, Pennsylvania. </span></p><p><span style="color: #1f1f1f;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);">LeStrange, R. 1977. A History of Herbal Plants. Angus and Robertson. London.</span></span></p><p>Mouthino, S. 2021. Why cats are crazy about catnip. Science.<span face="roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(38, 38, 38); color: #262626; font-size: 14px;">doi: 10.1126/science.abg6551</span> <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/why-cats-are-crazy-catnip" target="_blank">Link </a></p><p>Sanders, J. 1993. Hedgemaids and Fairy Candles. Ragged Mountain Press, Cambridge, Maine. </p><p>Tucker, A. O. and S. S. Tucker. 1987. Catnip and the catnip response. Economic Botany. 42: 214-231.</p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 34); color: #202122;">Uenoyama R, et al. (2021).</span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 34);"> </span><span style="color: black;">The characteristic response of domestic cats to plant iridoids allows them to gain chemical defense against mosquitoes</span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 34); color: #202122;">. </span><i style="caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 34); color: #202122;">Science Advances</i><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 34); color: #202122;">. </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 34); color: #202122;">7</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 34); color: #202122;"> (4): eabd9135. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7817105" target="_blank">link</a> </span></span></p><div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler</span></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p></div></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-73750722607340799022024-03-10T15:30:00.000-07:002024-03-10T15:30:00.148-07:00April in Tokyo<p>Here is a photo album of pictures from Tokyo in April. Beautiful spring flowers.</p><p>The photos are from April 2017 but if you hurry, you could still get there to see what it is like in 2024: </p><p>Classical Japanese design</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTmgmFYcqhl86pminu12ednuMJRJGDcM-5XNSDAglC-LF2Ix7piOniv-91zoHeX802gTI1XBD7RAdqCVp6mPTxTHQFJCu4cjcxy6dacJPxzecrnu22dadaxdHU_AKt_ZQl9Gq4YAagJQyzW2wKa-4LIhgvWQIYR8oVSf2myQW7US4qKrEO-PC2nRelGm4/s4000/IMG_7137.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="garden, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTmgmFYcqhl86pminu12ednuMJRJGDcM-5XNSDAglC-LF2Ix7piOniv-91zoHeX802gTI1XBD7RAdqCVp6mPTxTHQFJCu4cjcxy6dacJPxzecrnu22dadaxdHU_AKt_ZQl9Gq4YAagJQyzW2wKa-4LIhgvWQIYR8oVSf2myQW7US4qKrEO-PC2nRelGm4/w400-h300/IMG_7137.JPG" title="garden, Tokyo" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>Modern Tokyo<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-u2WMydZP7G7rORdHohCldRhE6KZY0a3ZS4UfWGyGmgNevm5IMI-Q-QcMoiiRddzkFWQ6Mn-MQubVXIdh7nyKlnDqnHGwkOz0NiGf-WUgPvdPQTDogBDtPOugdcytzHM3p42awC4xDRYGXELKgZqji6Y-lSI1XK374IFV6XaHEpDHBOQ3fgl_oLfmjkY/s4000/IMG_7221.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Tokyo scene" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-u2WMydZP7G7rORdHohCldRhE6KZY0a3ZS4UfWGyGmgNevm5IMI-Q-QcMoiiRddzkFWQ6Mn-MQubVXIdh7nyKlnDqnHGwkOz0NiGf-WUgPvdPQTDogBDtPOugdcytzHM3p42awC4xDRYGXELKgZqji6Y-lSI1XK374IFV6XaHEpDHBOQ3fgl_oLfmjkY/w400-h300/IMG_7221.JPG" title="Tokyo scene" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">along an outdoor, second story walkway</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>Old<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYsKvqiV6JI_tltg8rekaGOyi-gpXsA6TW1odhFSUhs-2Rt9EQE2LzBvbfGie3f_Xk5hpIWgb-8jCANX3gQrnnMzgJyywc2eIKXNvmSzSSz6KbeQ_Osmz3vHhIzycML1UFsJi1qLPENuET2FaDnXeXD5QILF_p13l0dvZ3EEUPdskPZx6lryqZvYLdaEA/s4000/IMG_7068.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="stone path, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYsKvqiV6JI_tltg8rekaGOyi-gpXsA6TW1odhFSUhs-2Rt9EQE2LzBvbfGie3f_Xk5hpIWgb-8jCANX3gQrnnMzgJyywc2eIKXNvmSzSSz6KbeQ_Osmz3vHhIzycML1UFsJi1qLPENuET2FaDnXeXD5QILF_p13l0dvZ3EEUPdskPZx6lryqZvYLdaEA/w300-h400/IMG_7068.JPG" title="stone path, Tokyo" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table>and new<br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq2P0GFs9ZMQUu1U9Wwr7lwdQiMxtAXuSuT4Jd7r9cUgaMaRCgH-mq6vtBCCWXlQXBGbwXtxk9dRNju_ovcGZvGXjoCzsayszlfW2dpkXBUFuT2FYR14gFMwqegioO2SeZr_vP-HKyCfYVRY8kL96vpzDgZ50kgUdTlArRmVdjHO4N0aSUugiW0UnwLyU/s4000/IMG_7079.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="city scene, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq2P0GFs9ZMQUu1U9Wwr7lwdQiMxtAXuSuT4Jd7r9cUgaMaRCgH-mq6vtBCCWXlQXBGbwXtxk9dRNju_ovcGZvGXjoCzsayszlfW2dpkXBUFuT2FYR14gFMwqegioO2SeZr_vP-HKyCfYVRY8kL96vpzDgZ50kgUdTlArRmVdjHO4N0aSUugiW0UnwLyU/w300-h400/IMG_7079.JPG" title="city scene, Tokyo" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Of course I focused on the plants</p><p>Japanese maples leafing out</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiqVm1r8DVuKQxgpHmFRWaBQuim1LNc8InQl7DI4GS9m9eho6a07AWlZz6ZN1BRXu6n98GwWFHTWFMCttgXR36zOGiFqEseLyyXSEBBGMyb8VNDsBUcQFdtomqAzlzcQFRfPUsUjxmahfYjiav1tQiV0k3zPR8gG-ovZuWvNdGRFWsRTt2kyoKJ51oku0/s4000/IMG_7061.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Japanese maples, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiqVm1r8DVuKQxgpHmFRWaBQuim1LNc8InQl7DI4GS9m9eho6a07AWlZz6ZN1BRXu6n98GwWFHTWFMCttgXR36zOGiFqEseLyyXSEBBGMyb8VNDsBUcQFdtomqAzlzcQFRfPUsUjxmahfYjiav1tQiV0k3zPR8gG-ovZuWvNdGRFWsRTt2kyoKJ51oku0/w300-h400/IMG_7061.JPG" title="Japanese maples, Tokyo" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Big clones of iris, growing rapidly</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxDdIkIjYCeUwXQuLTmmzIObPj4gxPoKVsYZ7lzG5tEMtewsg_wDvu2suXReFqtJJO7pMU2Oo1AJKwplJ3QCeIFjjk0j_8k2w_IxkUfOqLjhwCkEQC9lXDe1n0X5DNiKxVJ8JmzdOAaM5Bkbymg-E2pM0MChohFiK0HMhKFVNXwYbmz_oFDV-lSeN6I3I/s4000/IMG_7046.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="iris, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxDdIkIjYCeUwXQuLTmmzIObPj4gxPoKVsYZ7lzG5tEMtewsg_wDvu2suXReFqtJJO7pMU2Oo1AJKwplJ3QCeIFjjk0j_8k2w_IxkUfOqLjhwCkEQC9lXDe1n0X5DNiKxVJ8JmzdOAaM5Bkbymg-E2pM0MChohFiK0HMhKFVNXwYbmz_oFDV-lSeN6I3I/w400-h300/IMG_7046.JPG" title="iris, Tokyo" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Violets flowering in the moss. Note the spike of new bamboo growth to the right of the violets, coming up like a spear with a flag on top.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFCqisfKl-1XObzLHkv4l2VltS-r9LjvFwaUtaVP1xEFqS64shzTF6iGjs1m4naFQGN6MeF1VQLmVlXm7_uG_VLItcjscH8dOAWdmgQGLrJ6az0uQVTNmMRbbeUGNb_KeNKa9lgpYlEATG16z20Wps28KaHRPV9-ForYnGbjfdyMxgpznZo-b0hrkh8tQ/s4000/IMG_7057.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="violets, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFCqisfKl-1XObzLHkv4l2VltS-r9LjvFwaUtaVP1xEFqS64shzTF6iGjs1m4naFQGN6MeF1VQLmVlXm7_uG_VLItcjscH8dOAWdmgQGLrJ6az0uQVTNmMRbbeUGNb_KeNKa9lgpYlEATG16z20Wps28KaHRPV9-ForYnGbjfdyMxgpznZo-b0hrkh8tQ/w400-h300/IMG_7057.JPG" title="violets, Tokyo" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">International weeds were flowering. This is shepherd's purse, <i>Capsella bursa-pastoris</i></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCvj6g4rVnYOaepnTRDBoTflkpN4rNRDHKr46u24DqpqYo2ofgYgGlzhpNkfaown4K4JdyziwN_pdql9IOdQTyF5ItdpBkyIaN1L2x-ArTLoi6Me2JTjlAy5IPNEC_ti76yjRQxOdEjWfKQ61G4EJ5Rf3d5d4KZz2lphDoQ2TiKXcjNg15VKjgo4XZLQo/s4000/IMG_7074.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="weeds, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCvj6g4rVnYOaepnTRDBoTflkpN4rNRDHKr46u24DqpqYo2ofgYgGlzhpNkfaown4K4JdyziwN_pdql9IOdQTyF5ItdpBkyIaN1L2x-ArTLoi6Me2JTjlAy5IPNEC_ti76yjRQxOdEjWfKQ61G4EJ5Rf3d5d4KZz2lphDoQ2TiKXcjNg15VKjgo4XZLQo/w300-h400/IMG_7074.JPG" title="shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Tokyo" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Oriental poppies grew as weeds:</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4vloNBs19Vad39fXG20bDVcScbxAhjmeVC4eG9COj-DxGWxb52Wt6ytZLBS9crGbNdZB-O-yo6gVGgPBwCXElSO1-7qjgJKbvNkMBYXSrQ_5kfysJz2hGhv4hKpVmBAAMh2a84c693yJ62Pbx_td5BnrWNUJeu0WK5A-89mFFXr5qkddEqG2s5B46ol0/s4000/IMG_7081.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="poppies, Papaver, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4vloNBs19Vad39fXG20bDVcScbxAhjmeVC4eG9COj-DxGWxb52Wt6ytZLBS9crGbNdZB-O-yo6gVGgPBwCXElSO1-7qjgJKbvNkMBYXSrQ_5kfysJz2hGhv4hKpVmBAAMh2a84c693yJ62Pbx_td5BnrWNUJeu0WK5A-89mFFXr5qkddEqG2s5B46ol0/w400-h300/IMG_7081.JPG" title="poppies, Papaver, Tokyo" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Tokyo has parks planted with spring-flowering trees for the enjoyment of the public,</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhklioLx2x80vdNwEwnuei-uR0Ryncfyj3hNYV2NuKQGT3-mA3Jf-0Cm-8CluOx_iEkdmi8nPKMvdu0aczbhmeGlvDYdd9RrFEO38jtS5IavHuM3_kk7f02blaTGNv0mZS-2YEbMHDPF0q_wbpdmwE7ntdPSglDXui2RuA1LaV_RY5HwzLn9IFcwViN3rc/s4000/IMG_7086.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tokyo park" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhklioLx2x80vdNwEwnuei-uR0Ryncfyj3hNYV2NuKQGT3-mA3Jf-0Cm-8CluOx_iEkdmi8nPKMvdu0aczbhmeGlvDYdd9RrFEO38jtS5IavHuM3_kk7f02blaTGNv0mZS-2YEbMHDPF0q_wbpdmwE7ntdPSglDXui2RuA1LaV_RY5HwzLn9IFcwViN3rc/w400-h300/IMG_7086.JPG" title="Tokyo park" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">which provide very scenic views, the modern city as the background.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNmGA3WJQViUGlGOhNuEvCiA30YK1InM6LNrVy_sqHI8BBFeJT9yCl2RcI8-Bvcz3_Kp6nqr2UslAFw1V2EBSAvBWml1g4U6gOQfX2xN-lnDqvCqsFeK1Qty4QNwZMoJAyDnhcyqHXUfHPj8GZQ2P7AYDrlQf2ebojuWbhbrWwR3cz8d-kACtgnminVr4/s4000/IMG_7107.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tokyo park" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNmGA3WJQViUGlGOhNuEvCiA30YK1InM6LNrVy_sqHI8BBFeJT9yCl2RcI8-Bvcz3_Kp6nqr2UslAFw1V2EBSAvBWml1g4U6gOQfX2xN-lnDqvCqsFeK1Qty4QNwZMoJAyDnhcyqHXUfHPj8GZQ2P7AYDrlQf2ebojuWbhbrWwR3cz8d-kACtgnminVr4/w400-h300/IMG_7107.JPG" title="Tokyo park" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">There were hundreds of the flowering trees (plums, cherries and more) that they are famous for</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgkZj4Sh4aJP2YItmiJWw31htxWjInfbPKKHIOm0QgSEB_cm8g97e1gxtjhmv8Jka4RCKpblBX8w9HJHI_wtvIy-1MdYz68DbgBr5EpyWmyTN9SRlZyghJSz6FxGJ7oKBBLsmq1rpgQ1v8rggI_u54g5yCiJXTSBpJWph7ui4qA8LRG45LujEzTJJepbg/s4000/IMG_7148.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="flowering tree, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgkZj4Sh4aJP2YItmiJWw31htxWjInfbPKKHIOm0QgSEB_cm8g97e1gxtjhmv8Jka4RCKpblBX8w9HJHI_wtvIy-1MdYz68DbgBr5EpyWmyTN9SRlZyghJSz6FxGJ7oKBBLsmq1rpgQ1v8rggI_u54g5yCiJXTSBpJWph7ui4qA8LRG45LujEzTJJepbg/w400-h300/IMG_7148.JPG" title="flowering tree, Tokyo" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2xx2cYVL7v8KkgPoDMCavuD3xE9CrkMWmyt6NmehL5MMzVgDdaYuDECOhrJYa1TwNsCKDkMvWgHjH12N-Je6EUFfIBe-zu3cpY134V_1z1VN24zoM9dsBwNN_OOtjhQz-xaETYk_qfPJHnW-z32wlyAV7EsRwsCWhCMn99PcSf6hWwao7DO6wLIoitiw/s4000/IMG_7117.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="scenic view, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2xx2cYVL7v8KkgPoDMCavuD3xE9CrkMWmyt6NmehL5MMzVgDdaYuDECOhrJYa1TwNsCKDkMvWgHjH12N-Je6EUFfIBe-zu3cpY134V_1z1VN24zoM9dsBwNN_OOtjhQz-xaETYk_qfPJHnW-z32wlyAV7EsRwsCWhCMn99PcSf6hWwao7DO6wLIoitiw/w400-h300/IMG_7117.JPG" title="scenic view, Tokyo" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV36g9npv_I-QruGYA6eHUYuhSCddex517JQIuHx-hIuK8Ed6M6dsajOvK_3rFj48zItQQnIgJz0SbDkz9fnzIeJptKnyZz8L1s-vHWHo47bjIi_0rZIeU3tkWtrli0NdfPIPBu-dUhGY1VH4ySJF1IwV2N8glE9ddfLDQJX3kj5NmA5pAKL2dGYdv-tc/s4000/IMG_7124.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="flowers, Tokyo, April" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV36g9npv_I-QruGYA6eHUYuhSCddex517JQIuHx-hIuK8Ed6M6dsajOvK_3rFj48zItQQnIgJz0SbDkz9fnzIeJptKnyZz8L1s-vHWHo47bjIi_0rZIeU3tkWtrli0NdfPIPBu-dUhGY1VH4ySJF1IwV2N8glE9ddfLDQJX3kj5NmA5pAKL2dGYdv-tc/w400-h300/IMG_7124.JPG" title="flowers, Tokyo, April" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiggozu_CCce8XO_IoIl4pVsBcJmPlwl9svYHM3iMSOo31fAQXcToI5tUnUdy8k8oziJVlauK58XUorvBrivSi0PYV_7DvjHzND7zebq5g700ABl8NupxFQNB48eDHHzH_K7lk3clgvj6KoCSXlDRRodFpcEyhUDdTI0ZzO72EtC7u1binhdRoT8c0OVzA/s4000/IMG_7138.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="hillside, flowering trees, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiggozu_CCce8XO_IoIl4pVsBcJmPlwl9svYHM3iMSOo31fAQXcToI5tUnUdy8k8oziJVlauK58XUorvBrivSi0PYV_7DvjHzND7zebq5g700ABl8NupxFQNB48eDHHzH_K7lk3clgvj6KoCSXlDRRodFpcEyhUDdTI0ZzO72EtC7u1binhdRoT8c0OVzA/w300-h400/IMG_7138.JPG" title="hillside, flowering trees, Tokyo" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">And, some trees were still dormant. I think these are sycamores</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI7c9yMHjmD0eb4gC5Ocg2XVYxsIH8p90RaOyggqE9N1rA0bhuyHOeihj-GxTAZ0tNPotqwpi4meKWHjAJlDNlMzl-zQqnttc394M2mGQRqzTCy8XC6SBhIZlLMBYgJr2gL8ABW592ROdXws9aQ8deM19ZS1a451WwnKZw4_vQTJNL-Ax6x6hiR-4JFSQ/s4000/IMG_7216.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="dormant trees, April, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI7c9yMHjmD0eb4gC5Ocg2XVYxsIH8p90RaOyggqE9N1rA0bhuyHOeihj-GxTAZ0tNPotqwpi4meKWHjAJlDNlMzl-zQqnttc394M2mGQRqzTCy8XC6SBhIZlLMBYgJr2gL8ABW592ROdXws9aQ8deM19ZS1a451WwnKZw4_vQTJNL-Ax6x6hiR-4JFSQ/w400-h300/IMG_7216.JPG" title="dormant trees, April, Tokyo" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Another lovely view</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQXKTztFW58kKsG8nxUYUM1gHmaruxNNKmqA1DRHFxZJdOA67MalUV6QdTotqxzL19NjtyU_lLl5V8kqXHE4tTe4Z0QkMWtl8DdnBWhsfeM0N3-Kq3mXR7QftNbT8IIji7LPHxddb71ZYJH3CYPWLDxBSjFg6gbfouKWD6NLU3obzovjx00R4Vjfsc8oA/s4000/IMG_7181.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Tokyo garden" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQXKTztFW58kKsG8nxUYUM1gHmaruxNNKmqA1DRHFxZJdOA67MalUV6QdTotqxzL19NjtyU_lLl5V8kqXHE4tTe4Z0QkMWtl8DdnBWhsfeM0N3-Kq3mXR7QftNbT8IIji7LPHxddb71ZYJH3CYPWLDxBSjFg6gbfouKWD6NLU3obzovjx00R4Vjfsc8oA/w400-h300/IMG_7181.JPG" title="Tokyo garden" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">A rock so ugly it is beautiful</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn-dWqjbtSjolNqfZ9Oerne0mE-ASFxaJogvMe_37NHNxHK6U5ESegSoIMhcVdF0GYoxVuGtu3D9g-tp0xENeLOautrY1A-41HcQvAwf9OPXofCvKx6o2jf9HETBkM6B9cOdmsDozfqrdgfwe9RcSTpLDQ3db5wlStjK7leOo7nrHQZkqGbau1L51Ey6U/s4000/IMG_7168.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Rock, Tokyo garden" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn-dWqjbtSjolNqfZ9Oerne0mE-ASFxaJogvMe_37NHNxHK6U5ESegSoIMhcVdF0GYoxVuGtu3D9g-tp0xENeLOautrY1A-41HcQvAwf9OPXofCvKx6o2jf9HETBkM6B9cOdmsDozfqrdgfwe9RcSTpLDQ3db5wlStjK7leOo7nrHQZkqGbau1L51Ey6U/w400-h300/IMG_7168.JPG" title="Rock, Tokyo garden" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Azaleas were blooming, </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaR-k08S5ansOc1Ln1pv7_IoNpdmchs-FF8Cr7CXOCJELQPygEoF8AAYe673giVm8rFr_vkdI3N-ao6_DfATXe0nxk1zhiqPcKSyUTXTtCPoPklMLNK_DsjCt7OSvTCncMd3dcyZuT0txp-iMjWCeWCAdAipXhsBCP3ODadrqHTgj9iLRdmIq5yA0oKxs/s4000/IMG_7196.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Azalea, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaR-k08S5ansOc1Ln1pv7_IoNpdmchs-FF8Cr7CXOCJELQPygEoF8AAYe673giVm8rFr_vkdI3N-ao6_DfATXe0nxk1zhiqPcKSyUTXTtCPoPklMLNK_DsjCt7OSvTCncMd3dcyZuT0txp-iMjWCeWCAdAipXhsBCP3ODadrqHTgj9iLRdmIq5yA0oKxs/w400-h300/IMG_7196.JPG" title="Azalea, Tokyo" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">and some irises</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9MnQAD-BSRceV70NkYTSEATY19Rpv9xtUvxHz7v2k41YGin35aSwMSTICpMTVwEQsxZDSmQ5DzhaM_GqbxHUmOXPcEvcLTFma_cnBw6yLcVfFIr5idFhPgHN_1z8CWd7qBXSh0A1pt72xMsv3aaohh8lb8b6988EWa_p1dsdZujM1Hs4wCC1EBYonw8A/s3548/IMG_7140.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Iris, Tokyo" border="0" data-original-height="3548" data-original-width="2433" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9MnQAD-BSRceV70NkYTSEATY19Rpv9xtUvxHz7v2k41YGin35aSwMSTICpMTVwEQsxZDSmQ5DzhaM_GqbxHUmOXPcEvcLTFma_cnBw6yLcVfFIr5idFhPgHN_1z8CWd7qBXSh0A1pt72xMsv3aaohh8lb8b6988EWa_p1dsdZujM1Hs4wCC1EBYonw8A/w274-h400/IMG_7140.JPG" title="Iris, Tokyo" width="274" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">I can't show the pleasant weather or the scents of the flowers. It was quite glorious. Go see it if you can.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Comments and corrections welcome. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler</span></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-33413062875154476722024-03-03T14:54:00.000-08:002024-03-03T14:54:39.976-08:00Polyploidy Part 2. And Crop Plants<p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">Polyploidy is whole genome duplication, where all the chromosomes double. Animals rarely survive major chromosome changes, but plants usually do, leading to aspects of plant genetics that are quite different from animals. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaEHq3W7fHnkGrhkpHYLwELNMnhT4meSk2smjKAZjrHL3nGE1w99hJbgkobamh5RzjMY8RslLj9kT1MwF6mfjqNEx9MwhrJ54a1cxPumR_lAIXFBV92zPQ6ERaiT365213W4Rd1eSTFxv85eLBvqKAzNEtEV84sbvvAWbGRaqr4H7PPewkJaV2J-Eyytg/s2816/IMG_3188.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="strawberry, Fragaria ananassa" border="0" data-original-height="2112" data-original-width="2816" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaEHq3W7fHnkGrhkpHYLwELNMnhT4meSk2smjKAZjrHL3nGE1w99hJbgkobamh5RzjMY8RslLj9kT1MwF6mfjqNEx9MwhrJ54a1cxPumR_lAIXFBV92zPQ6ERaiT365213W4Rd1eSTFxv85eLBvqKAzNEtEV84sbvvAWbGRaqr4H7PPewkJaV2J-Eyytg/w400-h300/IMG_3188.JPG" title="strawberry, Fragaria ananassa" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">strawberry, <i>Fragaria ananassa</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: Times;">Even though you cannot easily spot a polyploid by looking at it, polyploidy is not obscure. Many common, important plants are polyploid, for example bread wheat (</span><i style="font-family: Times;">Triticum aestivum</i><span style="font-family: Times;">), white potatoes (</span><i style="font-family: Times;">Solanum tuberosum</i><span style="font-family: Times;">), coffee (</span><i style="font-family: Times;">Coffea arabica</i><span style="font-family: Times;">), sweet potatoes (</span><i style="font-family: Times;">Ipomoea batatas</i><span style="font-family: Times;">), strawberries (</span><i style="font-family: Times;">Fragaria x ananassa</i><span style="font-family: Times;">) and cotton (</span><i style="font-family: Times;">Gossypium tomentosum</i><span style="font-family: Times;">). Researchers estimate that 75% of all plants, and likewise, 75% of crops, are polyploids. </span><br /><span><a name='more'></a></span><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">These plants underwent a whole genome duplication in the relatively recent past, so that their cells have three or more copies of the whole genome, not the two copies of humans and familiar animals. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">Two copies are called diploid. More than two copies of the genome are grouped as polyploids and can be specifically named. For example four copies are tetraploid. Or you can say 2x and 4x. Potatoes, coffee, sweet potatoes, and cotton are tetraploid (4 copies of the basic genome), bread wheat is hexaploid (6x) and strawberries are octoploid (8x). </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIJRE1cLP7AI5EFNZk5WY3OZKAx2mSQYkrJd0YfIW6xZOg-OTKkcFieLvKNjtxoGNGw5F20c9lryP5NkouLLT5EnWaCJDZRrBYTJt_xk1-eAPq1x0HgtJGpsznik88HDPVYr7RUrfCMcOkynZKCyYda6zhGRY0C7hhL2EUJg8qIwKGjobVIw9ZFyINsIY/s2243/IMG_3253.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="potato plant, Solanum tuberosum" border="0" data-original-height="2243" data-original-width="1374" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIJRE1cLP7AI5EFNZk5WY3OZKAx2mSQYkrJd0YfIW6xZOg-OTKkcFieLvKNjtxoGNGw5F20c9lryP5NkouLLT5EnWaCJDZRrBYTJt_xk1-eAPq1x0HgtJGpsznik88HDPVYr7RUrfCMcOkynZKCyYda6zhGRY0C7hhL2EUJg8qIwKGjobVIw9ZFyINsIY/w245-h400/IMG_3253.JPG" title="potato plant, Solanum tuberosum" width="245" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">potato plant, <i>Solanum tuberosum</i><br />growing from the eyes on a potato that was thrown into the compost</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"><br />I was specific above, giving genus and species for the polyploids, because polyploidy varies among plants. Often some species in a group (genus) are polyploid while others not. In each of the genera mentioned above, there are also diploid (2x) plant species. So polyploidy is a form of variation for botanists to compare between plants and wonder about. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Polyploids have extra genes but they grow and flower like other plants. Where polyploidy changes things is when people try to cross or breed polyploids. Polyploidy changes inheritance, as you might expect<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>Plants that are diploids, like humans, get one gene from each parent and have two copies. Tetraploids, such as potatoes, get two copies of each chromosome from its parents and have four copies of all its genes all its life. If one of the genes gives a dominant color, then polyploids seem very uniform, because that color gene, whether in one copy or four, makes all the flowers or all the tubers or all whatever, the same color. If you can look inside at the actual DNA sequences, polyploids have more variation than diploids, since each of the four copies of each gene can be different. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">I will put a comparison of diploid and tetraploid inheritance at the end of this post, for those of you who, like me, like transmission genetics.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Beyond genetics, however, polyploids are physically different from diploids, it is just extremely difficult to observe the differences without lots of measurements. The logic is easy: with more chromosomes in the nucleus polyploids have bigger nuclei, bigger cells, and bigger plants. For crop plants, this is usually a good thing. We like bigger potatoes, huge strawberries, and larger flowers.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_66zfi9gJfgX6bu6CNpQgbsRlM9r4Coeo-hR75sMQElHZ6VX5EyafYr_bi1CYMVlMBKgwUZIgh5HNNKtFB7EnaJAPQ_RoPw5sS2Cg6eDd2pFFosuKN5eb3xbpwZ2TYxlQF_7aXqyKTDRq8aq8FzWPohUgW065rnkwLwdrKccIMoluD_-Z4uiVYU2FD1s/s2816/IMG_2360.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="banana, Musa paradisiaca" border="0" data-original-height="2816" data-original-width="2112" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_66zfi9gJfgX6bu6CNpQgbsRlM9r4Coeo-hR75sMQElHZ6VX5EyafYr_bi1CYMVlMBKgwUZIgh5HNNKtFB7EnaJAPQ_RoPw5sS2Cg6eDd2pFFosuKN5eb3xbpwZ2TYxlQF_7aXqyKTDRq8aq8FzWPohUgW065rnkwLwdrKccIMoluD_-Z4uiVYU2FD1s/w300-h400/IMG_2360.JPG" title="banana, Musa paradisiaca" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">banana, <i>Musa paradisiaca</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Polyploidy sometimes results in sterile plants. That is especially true of uneven multiples such as 3x (triploids) or 5x (pentaploids). Bananas (<i>Musa paradisiaca</i>) have 33 chromosomes, a multiple of three over their wild ancestors. At sexual cell division, the chromosomes go some to one new cell and some to the other. Producing a balanced genome of 11 or 22 is very rare. Cells with only part of the genome will not make a healthy embryos, creating sterility. But banana seeds were annoying to humans; we wanted to eat the fruit around them. So failure to make seeds was a good thing and bananas are propagated by taking cuttings. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Working around crop sterility caused by polyploidy is common, usually by cloning the crop. Cloning also allows greater uniformity, which makes large scale production much easier. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Polyploidy is so common in plants that it is very diverse. The plants can have different numbers of chromosomes. The chromosomes can all be derived from one parent species, or could come from a hybrid between two different species which doubled its chromosomes. For example, potatoes, as described above, have four nearly identical copies of each chromosome. Bread wheat has six copies of the basic seven chromosomes, but got them from three different wild wheats. First two diploid wild wheats (<i>Triticum monococcum</i><i style="font-style: normal;"> </i>with<i style="font-style: normal;"> </i>chromosome set A and an unknown <i>Triticum</i> with chromosome set B) formed an AB hybrid which later doubled all its chromosomes. The original AB hybrid was sterile, the tetrapolid, AABB, fertile. This species exists, it is <i>Triticum turgidum</i><i style="font-style: normal;">.</i> A second round of hybridization combined <i>T. turgidum</i>ās AB chromosomes with another set of chromosomes, called D, from <i>Triticum taushii</i>. Again, the hybrid ABD was sterile, but when all the chromosomes doubled, it created our modern bread wheat <i>Triticum aestivum</i>, AABBDD, which is fertile, Both processes, internal doubling (autopolyploidy) and hybridization followed by doubling (allopolyploidy), occur frequently. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc6jB4rkpbd9KrGwLuYbmj0mld8maBKrvzK4q8vzG7uYkE2ip_hp2RxtUcJJYJ8YGTErM4ZON0MKtVlmvxx3DnsDK81-ALu9d4lJNke9X69fhqspn8ekeujk5fGaGefEXzsv2cWg3xvrM53F1g7UcuMcE0w8ju7De-gU43JOyfWEGGmX91s1_uzdxKjGQ/s1344/IMG_5314.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="wheat Triticum aestivum" border="0" data-original-height="1344" data-original-width="1159" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc6jB4rkpbd9KrGwLuYbmj0mld8maBKrvzK4q8vzG7uYkE2ip_hp2RxtUcJJYJ8YGTErM4ZON0MKtVlmvxx3DnsDK81-ALu9d4lJNke9X69fhqspn8ekeujk5fGaGefEXzsv2cWg3xvrM53F1g7UcuMcE0w8ju7De-gU43JOyfWEGGmX91s1_uzdxKjGQ/w345-h400/IMG_5314.JPG" title="bread wheat" width="345" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">wheat, <i>Triticum aestivum</i>, ripe </td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>One result of the amount of polyploidy among crop plants is that breeding particular plants is a specialty. Shifting from say, potatoes to wheat requires learning a lot of wheat-specific details of inheritance. In contrast the mammals we know well, people, dogs, cats, horses, and cows, for example, are all diploids, so we tend to think of inheritance as simple and obvious. Polyploidy and the diversity of polyploids among economically important plants means plant breeding is much more specialized and a breakthrough in one species often cannot be immediately applied to others. <div><br /></div><div>I have loved genetics since grade school, and I think the complexities of polyploid inheritance fascinating. But I do see that plant breeders probably find it aggravating. </div><div><br /></div><div>In crops polyploidy feels like a problem to work around. So why is it there? Is it adaptive? Surely 75% of the plants aren't growing at an evolutionary disadvantage. In future posts I'll consider ideas about the functions of polyploidy.<br /><br /><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Comments and corrections welcome.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;">Botanical Details. Comparison of Diploid and Tetraploid Inheritance</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><u>Diploids:</u> Cross two pure lines of the same plant species, one with red (WW) and the other with white (ww) flowers. The plants raised from their seeds are red flowered, genotype Ww, because W red is dominant to white. Now cross those: Ww diploid heterozygote makes gametes Ā½ W and Ā½ w</p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Those combine like this, W with W and w, w with W and w, making <span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Ā¼</span> WW, Ā½ Ww and <span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Ā¼</span> ww offspring: </p><p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā½ W</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā½ w</p>
</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā½ W</p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā¼<span style="color: red;"> WW</span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā¼<span style="color: red;"> Ww</span></p>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā½ w</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā¼<span style="color: red;"> Ww</span></p>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā¼<span style="color: #999999;"> ww</span></p>
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</tbody>
</table><p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">3 red-flowered plants to 1 white-flowered plant. </p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><u>Tetraploids: </u>Imagine this is a close relative of the diploid in the example above, so it is the same gene, W for red, dominant over w, white flowers. Cross two pure lines, one red WWWW and one white wwww. The progeny have red flowers, and are WWww heterozygotes. When they are crossed, each plant makes gametes that are Ā¼ WW Ā½ Ww and Ā¼ ww.</p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Those combine </p><p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā¼ WW</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā½ Ww</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā¼ ww</p>
</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā¼ WW</p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1/16<span style="color: red;"> WWWW</span></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1/8 <span style="color: red;">WWWw</span></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1/16 <span style="color: red;">WWww</span></p>
</td>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā½ Ww</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1/8<span style="color: red;"> WWWw</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā¼ <span style="color: red;">WWww</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1/8 <span style="color: red;">Wwww</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ā¼ ww</p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1/16<span style="color: red;"> WWww</span></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1/8 <span style="color: red;">Wwww</span></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; height: 19px; padding: 0px 7.2px; width: 103.6px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1/16 <span style="color: #999999;">wwww</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">15 red-flowered plants to 1 white-flowered plant. </p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ploidy changes inheritance.</p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Note that inheritance in triploids (3x) and hexaploids (6x) and ... are slightly to very different from diploids and tetraploids.</p><p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; min-height: 19px;">References</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; min-height: 19px;">Muenchrath, D., A. Campbell, L. Merrick, T. LĆ¼bberstedt, and S. Fei. (2023). Ploidy: Polyploidy, aneuploidy, haploidy. In W. P. Suza, & K. R. Lamkey (Eds.), <em>Crop Genetics.</em> Iowa State University Digital Press. DOI: 10.31274/isudp.2023.130 <a href="file:///Users/kkeeler/Desktop/polyploidy/Chapter%2010:%20Ploidy:%20Polyploidy,%20Aneuploidy,%20and%20Haploidy%20%E2%80%93%20Crop%20Genetics.html" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 2/27/24).</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; min-height: 19px;">years of studying polyploid plants</p><div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler</span></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-62691817653049726992024-02-25T15:30:00.000-08:002024-02-25T15:30:00.316-08:00Still Winter? More Flowers!<p>It is still winter for me. The ground is brown and cold. Oh, I can see a trace of green in the lawn and a new shoot or two on the iris, if I look carefully. My snowdrops and crocuses are out of the ground, but not yet flowering. So, here are photos of summer flowers for cheer. Just a few more months...</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghPx-4d6Zmf7Sz6Tjfjyw97Td9CDdNgramJqw0pyr9FYNLbZsFj4SrceY30xC3mzhD6NSPnKwBukmI5YKJXiO2vnebYtVFwYDHVcVZlea_ccICNsLyQDd1mQfdL9wGpfmVccW-VFWxHTtJEDhWdqbDOhOANnJT9ryidYhB85wpBISAzWai5HY_N-zTkY8/s4896/DSC02171.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="sunflower Helianthus annuus" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghPx-4d6Zmf7Sz6Tjfjyw97Td9CDdNgramJqw0pyr9FYNLbZsFj4SrceY30xC3mzhD6NSPnKwBukmI5YKJXiO2vnebYtVFwYDHVcVZlea_ccICNsLyQDd1mQfdL9wGpfmVccW-VFWxHTtJEDhWdqbDOhOANnJT9ryidYhB85wpBISAzWai5HY_N-zTkY8/w300-h400/DSC02171.JPG" title="sunflower Helianthus annuus" width="300" /></a></div><p></p><p>Annual sunflower, the cultivated Ukrainian sunflower, <i>Helianthus annuus</i></p><p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span>Purple coneflower (<i>Echinacea</i>) and black-eyed susans (<i>Rudbeckia</i>)<div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZrujxi0sX1KlO-d7W87sy8WfjHeuUJKq-FZKCmk70ZUCerhpOqeTKo4isKPqqnIB91x4GcveOFyyaa_5d_oOzgum4SXBJHjcve_dYL0TxQmBnb3CVg_BQTxJwHAm-wh63jL0L7mP_G2LAap9mQII0gAya3c8pOgzc3e-x301XJjvZLkViSDHOCKMLWBw/s4896/DSC02184.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="echinacea and black-eyed susans" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZrujxi0sX1KlO-d7W87sy8WfjHeuUJKq-FZKCmk70ZUCerhpOqeTKo4isKPqqnIB91x4GcveOFyyaa_5d_oOzgum4SXBJHjcve_dYL0TxQmBnb3CVg_BQTxJwHAm-wh63jL0L7mP_G2LAap9mQII0gAya3c8pOgzc3e-x301XJjvZLkViSDHOCKMLWBw/w400-h300/DSC02184.JPG" title="echinacea and black-eyed susans" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">A milkweed, probably showy milkweed,<i> Asclepias speciosa</i></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLDNEPCmgZru6vuT-qBuV9UhZagU1M-S1n-Gybsdh9bKtkX4aAKWQxbWdy6ObRLeU0gZTrkzqqfaMeyndyGV8nepTBEF6RB1PO90I0GyJ8eNTOsuH6IL-LBmGc714zdhLWpt5sG5SUfs5gpDkkJdg4JKyMbKhjfC2F9c4Wk9K1iLjOcUbA9P759iyBbIE/s4896/DSC03861.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="showy milkweed" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLDNEPCmgZru6vuT-qBuV9UhZagU1M-S1n-Gybsdh9bKtkX4aAKWQxbWdy6ObRLeU0gZTrkzqqfaMeyndyGV8nepTBEF6RB1PO90I0GyJ8eNTOsuH6IL-LBmGc714zdhLWpt5sG5SUfs5gpDkkJdg4JKyMbKhjfC2F9c4Wk9K1iLjOcUbA9P759iyBbIE/w400-h300/DSC03861.JPG" title="Asclepias speciosa" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Rocky Mountain bee plant, <i>Cleome serrulata</i></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYA9ltZt8wSoXyQbz_ry2gGjDLk_V6205snztFQJJzwEUAZNUOPoWMkvAwBNkk6m-Ap6nyw8vXrEgBBwmUIM5nHzQ4M0JBe5Q03TEbEE9F58m9iq0PG8XXO_zQtgPuLacs4BzfcvZnO0az0_FEtnZPEe4FMHcxmnEO3HSCFtJ0exrSx4Ba8a9JBJk5Gt0/s4896/DSC03917.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Cleome serrulata" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYA9ltZt8wSoXyQbz_ry2gGjDLk_V6205snztFQJJzwEUAZNUOPoWMkvAwBNkk6m-Ap6nyw8vXrEgBBwmUIM5nHzQ4M0JBe5Q03TEbEE9F58m9iq0PG8XXO_zQtgPuLacs4BzfcvZnO0az0_FEtnZPEe4FMHcxmnEO3HSCFtJ0exrSx4Ba8a9JBJk5Gt0/w300-h400/DSC03917.JPG" title="Rocky Mountain bee plant" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Goldenrod, probably Missouri goldenrod, <i>Solidago missouriensis</i></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj83xWOpdn7AJJWZ8Fua2WmouT3E7_eBxPaCh05hsNSFhjKdXqxIn_bjzOfEYf2yQS7wCx14gnRoZfarNsnBeQADBmhvu2c7qrQuzxrX3ALZuPBYMzPpeP-DFRmspAYrCXDIV9fTEvZrDI1KDKfO2zBq8abtpJgwA-eRcBthsNO8DOaXxuk5OoqJR4drgM/s4000/DSC03924.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="goldenrod" border="0" data-original-height="3651" data-original-width="4000" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj83xWOpdn7AJJWZ8Fua2WmouT3E7_eBxPaCh05hsNSFhjKdXqxIn_bjzOfEYf2yQS7wCx14gnRoZfarNsnBeQADBmhvu2c7qrQuzxrX3ALZuPBYMzPpeP-DFRmspAYrCXDIV9fTEvZrDI1KDKfO2zBq8abtpJgwA-eRcBthsNO8DOaXxuk5OoqJR4drgM/w400-h365/DSC03924.JPG" title="Solidago" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Fireweed, <i>Chamaenerion angustifolium (</i>you'll also see the genus as<i> Chamaerion </i>and <i>Epilobium)</i></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB1uIwoVljc3niCZkdfn-PdM7yU0RgZPNaLCb0JttQpLWPbk9JyZroUNQuu6BHDG0d9U4nAUkWP4v80XGDeVjRoWuEUhVsPmgr30ZJ7DBeltoSegwtWq0B4MbTXUArPTCU5Nim50LluagYO7NeQz0XVslonlddUgkPbISQtfSdRo90BvMTlnMVoCcTq4U/s2285/fireweed.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="fireweed" border="0" data-original-height="2285" data-original-width="1888" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB1uIwoVljc3niCZkdfn-PdM7yU0RgZPNaLCb0JttQpLWPbk9JyZroUNQuu6BHDG0d9U4nAUkWP4v80XGDeVjRoWuEUhVsPmgr30ZJ7DBeltoSegwtWq0B4MbTXUArPTCU5Nim50LluagYO7NeQz0XVslonlddUgkPbISQtfSdRo90BvMTlnMVoCcTq4U/w330-h400/fireweed.JPG" title="Chamaenerion angustifolia" width="330" /></a></div><br />Wild rosa, <i>Rosa</i>, likely <i>Rosa woodsii </i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyVqWpVAJtRKqWSyEKN8S7UnhxaF3ZPfVQA0MDoiKUGQ3Inxn0Bb6ouBpsQ2C_3XVMb7sLTg7Ib9iQ5W3EI1zhAAYTeCCLVa4TXVLysVxTrbBNPBJ7WoHqiLKfHKh9ODPn2bdmFhSsf7vuaB_kdBR05jo5-gn01RlWR-SbnHXsrd9iM5YkgaHtcqGuZtY/s3072/wildrose.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rosa" border="0" data-original-height="3072" data-original-width="2304" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyVqWpVAJtRKqWSyEKN8S7UnhxaF3ZPfVQA0MDoiKUGQ3Inxn0Bb6ouBpsQ2C_3XVMb7sLTg7Ib9iQ5W3EI1zhAAYTeCCLVa4TXVLysVxTrbBNPBJ7WoHqiLKfHKh9ODPn2bdmFhSsf7vuaB_kdBR05jo5-gn01RlWR-SbnHXsrd9iM5YkgaHtcqGuZtY/w300-h400/wildrose.JPG" title="wild rose" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Beardtongue, <i>Penstemon</i><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKex2rzf434QDbXgh80XUziWgWuAefPPAR27wUFjkAWz1uag9NVKJGHgCBE7fe-yA6US0kQ09rE5SO0veufCsLSY9fcWlyXHN1msg_Yv3xbxkK72BFR0CjnXOY_hzO154LBEWgnQTJa3d_1tfQ42h2qlV7pVH-6qAuEfotN288wJuWfbzBp1fd-DIzq0/s4000/IMG_7976.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="beardtongue, Penstemon" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKex2rzf434QDbXgh80XUziWgWuAefPPAR27wUFjkAWz1uag9NVKJGHgCBE7fe-yA6US0kQ09rE5SO0veufCsLSY9fcWlyXHN1msg_Yv3xbxkK72BFR0CjnXOY_hzO154LBEWgnQTJa3d_1tfQ42h2qlV7pVH-6qAuEfotN288wJuWfbzBp1fd-DIzq0/w300-h400/IMG_7976.JPG" title="Penstemon" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Wine cups, <span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Callirhoe involucrata,</i> you may know them as purple poppy mallows.</span></span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNJx9pBoLK4p3jJdo3pDIMTZQtPtcJ1-euist5UdORIuXw05gsvZDtXIkyrrwSDpal4LaXDrV5AY608TDtL0EZYQ8yzyZpJmCcdi-cqZB-F4dl-HAeq6P8QhgadYyxIuIVJyqVETBzJsdTFGGMBNcER6LzR3543CpqEZqc2_w1_gqg1ZmB2_qoK2xAxZk/s2992/IMG_1541.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2992" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNJx9pBoLK4p3jJdo3pDIMTZQtPtcJ1-euist5UdORIuXw05gsvZDtXIkyrrwSDpal4LaXDrV5AY608TDtL0EZYQ8yzyZpJmCcdi-cqZB-F4dl-HAeq6P8QhgadYyxIuIVJyqVETBzJsdTFGGMBNcER6LzR3543CpqEZqc2_w1_gqg1ZmB2_qoK2xAxZk/s320/IMG_1541.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p></div><div>These are some of the natives to my area (Colorado, eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains), mostly photographed in cultivation. Some bloom earlier than others. But, the growing season is coming. </div><div><br /></div><div>Comments and corrections welcome</div><div><br /></div><div><div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler</span></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div></div><div><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-8513550638151676852024-02-18T15:00:00.000-08:002024-02-18T15:00:00.136-08:00Polyploidy, Multiple Copies of the Genome. Part 1. BasicsOne peculiar characteristic of plants, not much shared by animals, is polyploidy, multiple copies of all the chromosomes. In plants and animals, DNA, the genetic material, is bound up in protein-wrapped bodies called chromosomes. Organisms have several to many chromosomes, usually as pairs. For animals, each species has a characteristic number--humans 23 pairs, dogs 39 pairs--with very little variation. One of the ways that plants are DIFFERENT is that chromosome number can vary a lot, between species but also between plants of the same species growing next to each other. <div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7F5pc5HXnBouW7CTIE8t_flfOCDDJDN80_IYX5IsOqn5TshyFwlitXd85eZtlMBLCR3COYZeesX9XY6VHndwkdW7NB9-Y8mTVOF5cdR8jSldjHCYm7fN93GDicsBnnoF4rP0fiG8GHPuiBpmjTOk1rkLCsRwiS58wUIiphX-CZEDKIECrWL7QOlLw_0/s2897/IMG_5616.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="carrot flowers" border="0" data-original-height="2897" data-original-width="2639" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7F5pc5HXnBouW7CTIE8t_flfOCDDJDN80_IYX5IsOqn5TshyFwlitXd85eZtlMBLCR3COYZeesX9XY6VHndwkdW7NB9-Y8mTVOF5cdR8jSldjHCYm7fN93GDicsBnnoF4rP0fiG8GHPuiBpmjTOk1rkLCsRwiS58wUIiphX-CZEDKIECrWL7QOlLw_0/w365-h400/IMG_5616.JPG" title="carrot, Daucus carota, flowers" width="365" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">carrots, flowering<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><span><a name='more'></a></span>Sometimes variation in chromosome number is small, plus or minus one chromosome in a group of 20, for example (called aneuploidy, by the way). But often it is more dramatic. Common carrots (<i>Daucus carota</i>) have 18 chromosomes, but <i>Daucus glochidiatus</i>, a carrot native to Australia, has 44 chromosomes, more than twice as many. The apple, <i>Malus domestica</i>, has 34 chromosomes but some varieties have 68 as does the related species, Siebold's crabapple, <i>Malus sieboldii</i>. Within fireweeds (<i>Chamerion angustifolium</i>) and buffalo grass (<i>BuchloĆ« dactyloides</i>) plants with two copies of the genome grow next to individuals with four copies. These are exampls of doubling of all the chromosomes, from two copies in each cell's nucleus, to four copies, within and between species. </div><div><br /></div><div>To talk about this variation, botanists use the term ploidy, polyploidy being the collective term for all the variation. Polyloidy is the duplication of all genes at once, so also called whole genome duplication (WGD). I'll use the traditional botanical terms. The number of copies of a chromosome in a cell is its ploidy level. Most cells have two copies and are diploid. Gametes (sex cells) with only one copy are haploid. The Australian carrot and Siebold's crabapple have 4 copies and are tetraploid. Bread wheat is hexaploid, sugar cane octoploid. (You can avoid the difficult words by saying 4x, 6x, and 8x for diploidy, tetraploidy, and hexaploidy respectively, x meaning "times the basic number of chromosomes.") I made a table of the terms. The higher forms are rarer but not unheard of (I found duodecaploids in a brome grass <i>Bromus</i>, a guava (<i>Psidium</i>) and a blue-eyed grass (<i>Sisyrinchium</i>) on a very quick search). Polyploidy is very strange from an animal point-of-view, while it is common and diverse in plants. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7GkXEQGXlF8ry74eRX1QVtWlN0ozh-FoqTzawkAOk7ZPtUGHhNv-W3Acb0u-QyYRJNlaEdswqu0W-1xJSh9s2K1i48ZQ9DrIcPcRrf3Qveh6H37MmA7iMCtaA18-paZc7L2DDOLIVf_ujUJEHrZKeljntCTa1mJfPCfwYPwku7qXPQJfUpFg-J7huzag/s250/ploidyterms.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="191" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7GkXEQGXlF8ry74eRX1QVtWlN0ozh-FoqTzawkAOk7ZPtUGHhNv-W3Acb0u-QyYRJNlaEdswqu0W-1xJSh9s2K1i48ZQ9DrIcPcRrf3Qveh6H37MmA7iMCtaA18-paZc7L2DDOLIVf_ujUJEHrZKeljntCTa1mJfPCfwYPwku7qXPQJfUpFg-J7huzag/s1600/ploidyterms.jpg" width="191" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>Recent estimates suggest that there is a polyploid event, a doubling of all the chromosomes, in the evolutionary history of all higher plants, and frequently several such doublings. Deep evolutionary studies are finding whole genome duplication in the ancestry of other organisms as well, but I will focus on plants.<p>Here are examples of familiar plants that are polyploids: white potatoes (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) 4x, common wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) 6x, sugarcane (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) 8x, bananas (<i>Musa</i> <i>paradisiaca</i>) 3x, sweet potato (<i>Ipomoea batatas</i>) 4x and 6x, coffee (<i>Coffea arabica</i>) 4x, alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) 4x, cotton (<i>Gossypium tomentosum</i>) 4x, (4x), tobacco (4x), Kentucky bluegrass (<i>Poa pratensis</i> 3x-8x), tall fescue (<i>Lolium arundinaceum</i>) 6x, buffalo grass (<i>BuchloĆ«</i><i> dactyloides)</i> 2x,4x,and 6x, dandelion (<i>Taraxacum officinale)</i> 3x, ragweed (<i>Ambrosia psilostachya) </i>2x-16x, blanket flower (<i>Gaillardia x grandiflora) </i>4x, pineapple (<i>Ananas comosus</i>) 4x, many grape varieties (<i>Vitus</i>) varieties are 4x, commercial strawberries (<i>Fragaria x ananassa</i>) 8x, yarrow (<i>Achillea millefolium)</i> 6x), fireweed (<i>Chamerion angustifolium</i>) 2x and 4x, the list goes on and on. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_fws1g9j_1wMhAbL0KLi5Jn5cnewrzb1U22BHZ0WtumewWM8Qcjhln5iylefbXpgEcuR9Ok_TTPnndynbAi2IEEYpNGvjyNMC63o_lRyzjIzj_rN0OSrUuPOfrnTKO95J5H20XS7Xo9MAHfKywXzg01H0pPJhJVrWlLGPYKN19BP50PlylRp_rPjj1Y/s2476/IMG_5314.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Triticum aestivum" border="0" data-original-height="2351" data-original-width="2476" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_fws1g9j_1wMhAbL0KLi5Jn5cnewrzb1U22BHZ0WtumewWM8Qcjhln5iylefbXpgEcuR9Ok_TTPnndynbAi2IEEYpNGvjyNMC63o_lRyzjIzj_rN0OSrUuPOfrnTKO95J5H20XS7Xo9MAHfKywXzg01H0pPJhJVrWlLGPYKN19BP50PlylRp_rPjj1Y/w400-h380/IMG_5314.JPG" title="Triticum aestivum, common wheat" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">bread wheat, <i>Triticum aestivum</i>, an allopolyploid hexaploid (6x)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><p></p><p>Compared to diploids (2x), polyploids are often bigger because more chromosomes in the nucleus require bigger nuclei and bigger cells. Uneven ploidy levels (3x, 5x, 7x) tend to be sterile because the pollen and ovules get uneven numbers of chromosomes. And inheritance is likely radically changed, for example: instead of the offspring getting either a1 or a2 from an a1a2 parent, in a tetraploid (4x) they will get either a1a2 or a1a1, or a2a2 from an a1a1a2a2 the parent--the four chromosomes carrying that gene are distributed at random. In other polyploids, the four copies of the same chromosome may act as two pairs and neatly produce a1a2 and a'1a'2. Certainly, adding one or more copies of the genes gives a plant a lot of new variation on which evolution can work; for example, instead of having two copies of a gene for drought tolerance, there are now four. That may be an imporant bottom line on polyploidy: it adds variation that is potentially adaptive. </p><p><span face="-webkit-standard" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -webkit-standard; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: auto; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgNKj-H9sFFFAuQpRkSY43aiFXaKlpmw-wm4QQt7Cn4NKbOz7Uf2WPNTZdilugg69R67ZqNQykycpUoNOr9v4vHP6btl-qdihfa4RHF1NCKeqJRnOb6PqZ9EygxhUjWo3QahclBKvF3ZOeruTcMjYnnVgXlzqP29kT36Gr9BGRnWjuA8xacaSwWycSV1gM" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="potatoes, Solanum tuberosum" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgNKj-H9sFFFAuQpRkSY43aiFXaKlpmw-wm4QQt7Cn4NKbOz7Uf2WPNTZdilugg69R67ZqNQykycpUoNOr9v4vHP6btl-qdihfa4RHF1NCKeqJRnOb6PqZ9EygxhUjWo3QahclBKvF3ZOeruTcMjYnnVgXlzqP29kT36Gr9BGRnWjuA8xacaSwWycSV1gM=w400-h300" style="cursor: move;" title="potatoes, Solanum tuberosum" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">potatoes, <i>Solanum tuberosum, </i>tetraploid (4x) and<i> </i>autopolyploid</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Familiar plants that are diploid, breeding like the nice examples in humans we all learned in school, include peas (<i>Pisum sativuum), </i>tomatoes<i> (Solanum lycopersicon), </i>common sunflower (<i>Helianthus annuus</i>), corn (<i>Zea may</i>s), soybeans (<i>Glycine max</i>), watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>), rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>), broccoli and cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>), radishes (<i>Raphanus sativus</i>) and lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i>). Of course there are more.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuPhgIMQyQ_6sYhm_YvSpOpqImWrELVunAqDixMGuxb09inX9aEODAezvD27q4apV9JbqcnWY9JQlTAHqLaRj-qjVDNQuqdWtiinv3vHHoyECmc3Kn468FQ-3LatC8W7xH38Xt5W9K_IAiH3BFNMrJ5gX08b8lXpj7Z70cDjMacYiK2R9DdUOewSpf52Y/s1324/OldPhotosIe%202.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="chromosome squash" border="0" data-original-height="1112" data-original-width="1324" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuPhgIMQyQ_6sYhm_YvSpOpqImWrELVunAqDixMGuxb09inX9aEODAezvD27q4apV9JbqcnWY9JQlTAHqLaRj-qjVDNQuqdWtiinv3vHHoyECmc3Kn468FQ-3LatC8W7xH38Xt5W9K_IAiH3BFNMrJ5gX08b8lXpj7Z70cDjMacYiK2R9DdUOewSpf52Y/w400-h336/OldPhotosIe%202.jpeg" title="plant chromosomes" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Part of a plant cell, stained to show the chromosomes<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Since polyploidy has complex implications, it can be hard to work with. Plant breeders found ways not to have to cross polyploids. That is one reason why potatoes and bananas are largely cloned. Throughout my career (1970-2006) researchers worked around polyploidy whenever possible--like, studied only diploids--because of the ways it complicated analysis. But there are so many important plants that are polyploid, they couldn't avoid them indefinitely. <p></p><p>How do polyploids form? This general picture has been known for a century. Some are produced by hybridization between species (allopolyploidy). For example, bread wheat is the result of the hybridization of three different species, each doubling all its chromosomes in the hybrid<i>. </i>Doubling the chromosomes of a hybrid creates stability since each chromosome now has a mate to pair with at cell division. Allopolyploidy often leads to new species because the hybrid is not able to cross with its diploid relatives. Other polyploids are produced when the existing chromosomes of a plant double. The cultivated--white--potato, <i>Solanum tuberosum,</i> is an example of this with 4 copies of each of its ancestral chromosomes, no other species involved. This is called autopolyploidy and its causes are not well-understood. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Gaillardia x grandiflora" border="0" data-original-height="3054" data-original-width="2128" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2z7Ogen_XQ1OAMmE0RvR04-qMgzrd5xB4JeB0rnEGjAIuSe69Eb7lYQLqBDgCuujzW_eEG_8yFEQl379MISwXWfaml07GqgWr-i3_96BgDSQGU1jV7nVLkbbx2o4jDtfbN0d2B-ak5hFpyv4MM4DougVoqF6G1hzPlZCj5hQaWEv9HNcoFXdj3IrieLw/w279-h400/DSC00317.JPG" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 238); color: #0000ee; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: underline;" title="Gaillardia x grandiflora" width="279" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Gaillardia x grandiflora</i>, allopolyploid tetraploid (4x)<span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><p></p><div><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><p></p></div><p></p><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption">One of the strengths of current plant science is the ability to study many polyploid plants, sampling small amounts of tissue in nature and analyzing those for ploidy. Before about 1990, determining ploidy meant counting chromosomes under a microscope, a slow process requiring a skilled technician. Today there are several different approaches for determining ploidy (once you've done controls with microscope slides), mapped genomes provide genetic insight into many plant lineages, big computers will handle complex calculations so that small differences can be detected against the background variation of weather and climate...and so on. The questions remain difficult but are yielding. <span style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /></span><span style="text-align: left;">I will talk about these in future posts. For my Ph.D. thesis, I picked a plant in which to compare genetic variation within and between temporary pools, assuming blithely that it was a diploid. Wrong. </span><i style="text-align: left;">Veronica peregrina</i><span style="text-align: left;">, purslane speedwell, is a hexaploid (6x). I filled notebooks with drawings of what I would expect in crosses between different individuals. (That was the early 1970s, personal computers did not exist). So I've been aware that polyploidy lurks "out there" for a long time. Polyploidy is perhaps just as difficult in crosses as it was then, but, oh, the tools to look at it are so much better. <br /><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFl-O9ga_8ooo_ZGCiHrw6CJ7_4JCkI0bRIv1ZIYtbG2kjc-86LOjRF0F9iKZt1E4x1j4rpIEbzm2UZcR9aojb6H7iSOwP1b5uVS2CNX0V3c407KxM5DyMgrMISsME5b4sTO0i0gyGXMuUmD0bUa24gcme8tk-atOhnl4HKqXOMLwjLmkz5QbeHFKfrdg/s2326/IMG_8325.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="speedwell, Veronica" border="0" data-original-height="2301" data-original-width="2326" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFl-O9ga_8ooo_ZGCiHrw6CJ7_4JCkI0bRIv1ZIYtbG2kjc-86LOjRF0F9iKZt1E4x1j4rpIEbzm2UZcR9aojb6H7iSOwP1b5uVS2CNX0V3c407KxM5DyMgrMISsME5b4sTO0i0gyGXMuUmD0bUa24gcme8tk-atOhnl4HKqXOMLwjLmkz5QbeHFKfrdg/w400-h396/IMG_8325.JPG" title="speedwell, Veronica" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">speedwell, <i>Veronica</i>, very like <i>V. peregrina </i><br />(alas my photos from 50 years ago have faded horribly).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption">It is worth sometimes pointing out that plants are not just little green animals. They have some quite alien characteristics. </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In sum, polyploidy, duplication of all the chromosomes, is very widespread in plants. It has complex consequences. The genetics, physiology, and evolutionary implications of polyploidy will be considered in future posts. </p><p>Comments and corrections welcome. </p><p>References</p><p>Hadle, J. J., F. L. Russell, and J. B. Beck. 2019. Are buffalograss (<i>BuchloĆ« dactyloides</i>) cytotypes spatially and ecologically differentiated? American Journal of Botany 106(8): 1116ā1125. (OK, buffalo grass has more ploidy levels than just diploid and tetraploid, but does have those.)</p><p>Hƶfer, M. and A. Meister. 2010. Genome Size Variation in <i>Malus</i> Species. Journal of Botany. Volume 2010, Article ID 480873, 8 pages <a href="https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2010/480873.pdf" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 2/15/24)</p><p>Husband, B.C. and D. W. Schemske. 2000. Ecological mechanisms of reproductive isolation between diploid and tetraploid <i>Chamerion angustifolium</i>. Journal of Ecology. 88 (4): 689-701.</p><p>Muenchrath, D., A. Campbell, L. Merrick, T. LĆ¼bberstedt, and S.-Z. Fei. Chapter 10. Ploidy, Polyploidy, Aneuploidy, and Haploidy. Crop Genetics. Iowa State University. <a href="https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-021-07853-2" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 2/15/24)</p><p>Soltis, D.E., C. J. Visger, and P. S. Soltis. 2014. The polyploidy revolution, then...and now. Stebbins revisited. American Journal of Botany. 101 (7): 1057-1078.</p><p>Van de Peer, Y. E. Mizrachi, and K. Marchal. 2017. The evolutionary significance of polyploidy. Nature Reviews Genetics. 18: 411-424. </p><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-44090029491625073152024-02-10T13:07:00.000-08:002024-02-10T13:07:47.307-08:00Plant Story--Sambucus nigra, Black Elderberry Uses and Folklore<p>Since prehistory times, humans all over the world have collected black elderberries, the fruit of black elder (<i>Sambucus nigra,</i> viburnum family, Viburnaceae) (see previous post: <a href="https://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2024/01/plant-story-sambucus-elder-or.html" target="_blank">link</a>). The plant has been used medicinally for that long as well. In addition, it grows into a nice tree, 20, sometimes 30, feet tall, with useful wood. The leaves were used as insect repellents. Folklore abounded, some protecting the plant, some considering it accursed. My herbal, traditional, and folklore books have long sections on elder. Here is a selection of what they say.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE_TosWOjXHzTbvEZTd1K52xFp_apqfMGrWjSnGfgyadDi3cO-PoCD9LNMz8-xd3pUL79l_D93iKK-Oytd8j-QZRStD_Y-r5NxjqVEbejozf8VGdd-e6pkzf8sLkk-ldtxh8Xjzfwq7ZwtdRH6984T0qLmmp5sT44xvXNxfgUj73QysFI87vP9Ss5cqvI/s2890/DSC02508.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="elderberries, Sambucus nigra" border="0" data-original-height="2663" data-original-width="2890" height="369" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE_TosWOjXHzTbvEZTd1K52xFp_apqfMGrWjSnGfgyadDi3cO-PoCD9LNMz8-xd3pUL79l_D93iKK-Oytd8j-QZRStD_Y-r5NxjqVEbejozf8VGdd-e6pkzf8sLkk-ldtxh8Xjzfwq7ZwtdRH6984T0qLmmp5sT44xvXNxfgUj73QysFI87vP9Ss5cqvI/w400-h369/DSC02508.JPG" title="elderberries, Sambucus nigra" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">black elderberries, <i>Sambucus nigra</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><p>Traditional European medicinal uses of elder included treating coughs and colds, reducing infection and inflamation, treating shortness of breath, to ease lactation, and more. Modern studies found elderberry syrup effective in treating (shortening the duration of) fevers and colds, coughs and bronchitis. Other uses remain unproven. Experts are careful to caution that only fully ripe fruits are safe to consume; unripe fruit, stems, leaves, and bark are all contain enough of the cyanogenic glycoside sambunigrin that they can cause dizziness, headache, nausea, vomitting, and diarrhea. </p><p>Treating respiratory problems with elderberry syrup or elderberry wine has a long, long history. The bark and unripe berries were used as purgatives; today there are safer alternatives. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6aKh_lZO2hAkhI4XIhle7nkz68-yUL5X75qX_cFQnibMlmXOj3xpWeBHZhiZPqQ7UnENhGBN0t_Ow6DE3p171fNrpPKIwttkzaZx5xodKDLFiFXXds39Rk79S31_VHQLZh0TW89Eq9kc4VO2ibsUhYvBtgucm1JF6ITzttAP9Jp7D62icvi7pVA5xi14/s2992/IMG_1619.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2992" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6aKh_lZO2hAkhI4XIhle7nkz68-yUL5X75qX_cFQnibMlmXOj3xpWeBHZhiZPqQ7UnENhGBN0t_Ow6DE3p171fNrpPKIwttkzaZx5xodKDLFiFXXds39Rk79S31_VHQLZh0TW89Eq9kc4VO2ibsUhYvBtgucm1JF6ITzttAP9Jp7D62icvi7pVA5xi14/s320/IMG_1619.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>Elder wood is white, light, and polishes nicely, so was historically used for a wide array of small, useful, wooden objects, from pegs to toys, uses that have been replaced by plastic. Where big enough, elder wood was made into furniture. The trees could be pruned into dense shapes and used as hedges. </p><p>The leaves, when bruised, have a distinctive scent, called unpleasant but I don't mind it, which was believed to repel pests from flies to aphids to blight, so mashed leaves were applied to garden plants as pesticide. Likewise, lightly crushed leaves were worn on a hat or rubbed on the skin as protection from flies and mosquitos. </p><p>Young shoots have a soft core (pith) that is easily removed. The French eat it as <i>moelle de sureau, </i>prepared like asparagus. Early botanists used the pith to hold specimens while they were cut into thin slices for study. The pith could also be used as a candle if cut, dipped in oil, and floated in a cup of water.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbr84mnAcDy_cObq4AGzJDIKCPBMg33yGvALZk6xYsKtNnouc6jkND76xeOsg5ctxUX0f3QUfkyIjuJ-ZhvAjtoBYNeUdJNwc7-ceH9ZrrFdQuyGsAfbelwCCIw34HyQ7iGnSXNFUK_GeUPoPuHJuW3AtWV4U-2a4x5f0e6xnbXLR6WkQUdHr6DKmHW4/s4000/IMG_4324.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="elder leaves" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbr84mnAcDy_cObq4AGzJDIKCPBMg33yGvALZk6xYsKtNnouc6jkND76xeOsg5ctxUX0f3QUfkyIjuJ-ZhvAjtoBYNeUdJNwc7-ceH9ZrrFdQuyGsAfbelwCCIw34HyQ7iGnSXNFUK_GeUPoPuHJuW3AtWV4U-2a4x5f0e6xnbXLR6WkQUdHr6DKmHW4/w300-h400/IMG_4324.JPG" title="elderberry leaves" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">elder leaves</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Hollow stems also made blowguns and popguns for children, stems for pipes, and an array of flutes. <p></p><p>According to one of my sources, elder's oldest English name was <i>aeld </i>which meant fire in Anglo-Saxon, named because the hollow stems were used to blow on a fire. <i>Eld</i>, <i>aeled</i>, does mean fire, but the Oxford English Dictionary traces the name elder back to Middle German names for the plant, with variations such as ellen and ellern, the d sound added long after people stopped speaking Anglo-Saxon. The OED makes no suggestion about what the word meant other than the elder plant.</p><p><i>Sambucus</i>, the scientific name, is based on the name used for elder of the Romans. The Romans apparently made a series of flutes from elder branches, called <i>sambuca </i>(singular <i>sambucus</i>), and they gave their name to the plant or vice versa. <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Other instruments, especially a harp-like stringed instrument, have also been called sambuca, I have not seen a satisfactory explantation for flutes and harps having the same name. The sackbut is not related; it was invented in the 15th century and the name came from Latin origins meaning pull or draw). </span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-8AMGEbzvcJzPQA6qSQB5JDlr32GtbQ1sLUesvOjIMWaPA_ZbBK12DrL2sWBHRy_uA25t9uLGmRXMAHJ8EEuUawcYGTOaNUf09RIlE58g1LByNQfOyrCqAOVEqTNM2oWTUR2q2BNyNaO6g8KzmtZ01bLz8brnG5P1y6vfNpvpysf_69ajwl65Vqe9mRQ/s4896/DSC01412.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="elder flowers" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-8AMGEbzvcJzPQA6qSQB5JDlr32GtbQ1sLUesvOjIMWaPA_ZbBK12DrL2sWBHRy_uA25t9uLGmRXMAHJ8EEuUawcYGTOaNUf09RIlE58g1LByNQfOyrCqAOVEqTNM2oWTUR2q2BNyNaO6g8KzmtZ01bLz8brnG5P1y6vfNpvpysf_69ajwl65Vqe9mRQ/w300-h400/DSC01412.JPG" title="elderberry flowers" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">elder flowers<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Many different dyes were made from elder: the root and bark produced a black, the leaves olive green, the fruit juice blue to violet and brown. The berries make a dye that fades rapidly when used fresh but fermenting, drying, or more complex treatments have produced stable colors. (The inedible berries of <i>Sambucus ebulus</i> of Europe are slightly better than <i>S. nigra</i> for making dye.)<p></p><p>Roman sources wrote about elder as food and medicine but did not report folklore that I can find. The folklore of elder is dominated by northern European tales. In early Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian myth, a mother goddess, Elle or Hyldemoer, the "Elder Mother" lived in elder trees. She had strong earth magic and avenged any harm to her tree. That carried forward for centuries: one asked permission before cutting any branches from an elder. It was probably part of the source of the Christian beliefs that witches could turn themselves into elder trees, that the disciple Judas hung himself on an elder (though elders do not grow in the Holy Land), and that the tree was unlucky. Christians were likewise careful not to make cradles out of elder because it would torment the child placed there. To bring elder logs indoors brought the devil into the house. Yet this relationship could be exploited: to perceive witches, spread elder juice on your eyelids or light and float bits of pith in a cup and that light will reveal them. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1yT1BlG26Ydr5Siyvtzaos8eUYst0dJMueYG6TWHmbUaZ45yMyPO2A2cwzDHkeLEhXjevlrtypWSsKKZeAaTQJv7eap2CN75m2n2JHTQdgcKK47Up2vUv0SFgAZqBKJfhYLJMT9N0__dgkQsb6g9Irn_eWwxAQUWiFUNWAVzOgyZjnoGZMcv1THgp8QI/s4000/IMG_5509.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="elder flowers" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1yT1BlG26Ydr5Siyvtzaos8eUYst0dJMueYG6TWHmbUaZ45yMyPO2A2cwzDHkeLEhXjevlrtypWSsKKZeAaTQJv7eap2CN75m2n2JHTQdgcKK47Up2vUv0SFgAZqBKJfhYLJMT9N0__dgkQsb6g9Irn_eWwxAQUWiFUNWAVzOgyZjnoGZMcv1THgp8QI/w400-h300/IMG_5509.JPG" title="elderberry flowers" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">elderberry flowers</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>In relatively recent British folklore, elder was often considered protective. You planted elder by the door you most used, to keep witches and other evil away. They were also often planted around outhouses, dairies and other buildings, to repel insects. Leaves were tied onto farm horses to protect them from flies. On the Isle of Mann, elders were the fairy trees, the trees that fairies most liked to play on. That fed back to the fears of fey folk: if you fell asleep under an elder you might not awake (or awake in Faerie). There is much more folklore (see links below) and many applications I haven't mentioned. </p><p>Native Americans had much the same uses as Europeans. They ate elderberries raw (in small amounts), cooked them, and dried them to preserve them. Elder was employed as medicine (emetic, laxative, salve for sores and other skin problems, for jaundice and colic, for toothaches, and more). Elder in various forms was used as an insecticide. Hollow elder stems became medicine tubes, toys like popguns, aids for blowing on fires, and flutes or pipes. The berries and roots were widely used as dyes. I have always been pleased when people on several continents use closely related plants in the same way; if I was doubtful about the use, this is an endorsement. </p><p>A famous, useful plant, elder. </p><p></p><p>Comments and corrections welcome.</p><p><u>References</u></p><p>Cardon, D. 2007. Natural Dyes. Archtype Publications. London.</p><p>Grierson, S. 1986. The Colour Cauldron. Mill Books. Perth Scotland.</p><p>Grieve, M. 1932. A Modern Herbal. Dover Reprint. <a href="https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/mgmh.html" target="_blank">Online</a> </p><p>Gruenwald, J., T. Brendler and C. Jaenicke, editors. 2004. PDR (Physicians Desk Reference) for Herbal Medicines. 4th edition. Thomson Publishers, Montvale, New Jersey.</p><p>Hooke, D. 2010. Trees in Anglo-Saxon England. The Boydell Press. Woodbridge. UK.</p><p>Moerman, D. E. 1998. Native American Ethnobotany. BRIT Press, Fort Worth, Texas. <a href="http://naeb.brit.org" target="_blank">online </a></p><p>van Wyk, B-E. 2005. Food Plants of the World. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.</p><p> <u>A variety of websites with English Elder Folklore</u></p><p>Morton, I. 2017. The history of the elder tree: From deities and dryads to Shakespeare and J.K. Rowling. Country Life. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/7577407817580433311/4409002949162507315#" target="_blank">link</a> (accessed 1/31/24)</p><p>Paghat. No date visible. Black Elder Myths. Paghat's Garden.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/7577407817580433311/4409002949162507315#" target="_blank"> link </a></p><p>Theresagreen, 2013. The Elder Tree. Theresagreen.me <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/7577407817580433311/4409002949162507315#" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 1/30/24)</p><p>Trees for Life. 2024. Elder. <a href="https://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/trees-plants-animals/trees/elder/" target="_blank">link</a></p><p><u>Note: </u>February 2nd, 2024, was the 11th anniversary of this blog. In those 11 years I never missed getting a post up once a week (late Sunday or early Monday) until this week. This post was half-written when I went on a weekend trip. I caught covid and slept the first part of the week. So I have broken my streak, but I think its okay; surely I do not need to be so serious about a self-imposed deadline. Feeling lousy makes little things, like feeling enough better to finish the post, matters of joy. Enjoy your day.</p><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div><div><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-33684685967022512992024-01-28T15:28:00.000-08:002024-01-28T15:28:58.433-08:00Plant Story--Sambucus, Elder or Elderberry, Widespread Tasty Berry<p>Species in the genus <i>Sambucus </i>are called elder<i>. </i>That somehow doesn't sound right to my eastern North American ear, so I always say elderberries. That name I prefer is clearly weird--the tree doesn't always have berries, or the berries are just the fruit of the elder--but I'm not alone in this speech pattern, you can see it in a lot of U.S. writing. Historically and properly, it was elder, but bear with me, I keep sticking -berry on the name.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT-FOHokU3dK9gb4pvvY6YTR9MtXxWczt7VjRmwF5oZEf2Vu8HLY6b_IGn1AA7yStyt5_g7z1q0JanANumE0vPn3T7cLOe4Zciud5M34aCGt728Kz3L-VEUB0I_GFht_SqxDMDPV7Z5Z6wMlR2zIfEF75KXCOMqK0-bYGHfFrfsc9QPI1lNp5EYgzEC8Y/s4896/DSC02503.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Elder with berries, southern Scotland" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT-FOHokU3dK9gb4pvvY6YTR9MtXxWczt7VjRmwF5oZEf2Vu8HLY6b_IGn1AA7yStyt5_g7z1q0JanANumE0vPn3T7cLOe4Zciud5M34aCGt728Kz3L-VEUB0I_GFht_SqxDMDPV7Z5Z6wMlR2zIfEF75KXCOMqK0-bYGHfFrfsc9QPI1lNp5EYgzEC8Y/w400-h300/DSC02503.JPG" title="Elderberries, southern Scotland" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elderberry with berries</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">They are shrubs or small trees with richly green long divided leaves. They produce big clusters of small white flowers that turn into brightly-colored berries.</div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo_ABVDXSe-gJblWtbqeaZsogOL11wHwA0iN-Ygh3WguJzQB5m_-yN9G9xPyN7OpCntLPUoHmLWvMtNhiWuFxFJI3UKunpnBkkryqe3IdAahWgmndJ81UPgUfA75IiZ1ApVy-g7oV4wSR0KthdqUSSHH9P6Zq8KFp5pJ-8b0vX4CNxEC-bTVzCFmwiVS0/s4000/IMG_5509.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="elderberry in flower" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo_ABVDXSe-gJblWtbqeaZsogOL11wHwA0iN-Ygh3WguJzQB5m_-yN9G9xPyN7OpCntLPUoHmLWvMtNhiWuFxFJI3UKunpnBkkryqe3IdAahWgmndJ81UPgUfA75IiZ1ApVy-g7oV4wSR0KthdqUSSHH9P6Zq8KFp5pJ-8b0vX4CNxEC-bTVzCFmwiVS0/w400-h300/IMG_5509.JPG" title="elderberry flowers" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elderberry, flowering</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />The various elderberry species are native all over the world, in temperate and subtropical areas. Because they are useful and edible, people have cultivated them for millennia and spread them further. In expert publications, the number of species of elderberry, <i>Sambucus</i>, has gone as high as 38 and as low as 8. The plants are quite variable and lack the neat patterns needed for species that everyone will agree on. The discussion is ongoing.<p></p><p>Some <i>Sambucus</i> species are local endemics, like <i>Sambucus palmensis </i>found only in Canary Islands, and what you call them doesn't complicate many people's lives. However, the paper that created only eight species, R. Bolli's 1994 Ph. D. thesis, combined the common elderberries of Europe and North America. The oldest name was <i>Sambucus nigra</i>, black elderberry, a plant with a native range of North Africa, Europe and west Asia, which has been cultivated since ancient Greece and probably longer. Bolli merged the common elderberry of eastern North America, called the American black elderberry, or Canada elderberry, <i>Sambucus canadensis</i>, and the the common elderberry of western North America, blue elder or blue elderberry, <i>Sambucus cerulea,</i> with black elder, recognizing the American plants as subspecies. Some people have agreed with Bolli, others have maintained the American plants as independent species. The result is that you can find the same plants, the most abundant and visible American elderberries, given two different scientific names. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuImVBKCGHw1AB2nJI0aTcSKqGcxyq21yAROfroT90WM_idLoKbFCAvusjm3CpMhwIRz9eH61K5dSQyYI-85Tau42EbDun9FzUwfnQ-i_k6pb9mZs3_4UNXLjdc9_H_85sdjwI7KDi5zu-RZMNma6jIal7a6_2XHY-mTtBKIuJpYeY1PNHdpuFFdHyzsU/s4896/DSC01404.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="elderberry, Sambucus" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuImVBKCGHw1AB2nJI0aTcSKqGcxyq21yAROfroT90WM_idLoKbFCAvusjm3CpMhwIRz9eH61K5dSQyYI-85Tau42EbDun9FzUwfnQ-i_k6pb9mZs3_4UNXLjdc9_H_85sdjwI7KDi5zu-RZMNma6jIal7a6_2XHY-mTtBKIuJpYeY1PNHdpuFFdHyzsU/w400-h300/DSC01404.JPG" title="elderberry, Sambucus" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">a small cultivated elderberry plant</td></tr></tbody></table><p>European black elderberries were of course introduced to North America early during European settlement. They have naturalized all across the continent and doubtless cross with the American native elderberries. That makes it all the harder to separate out elderberries if you suspect several different species. However, it does make it easier for me, blogging about it, to say, "elderberry" or "black elderberry" and refer to most of the elderberries you are likely to encounter.</p><p>The chaos extends to deciding to what plant family elderberries belong. In the middle 1900s they were in the Caprifoliaceae, the honeysuckle family. Then, as DNA evidence became available, they were briefly in their own family, the Sambucaceae, then merged into the adoxa family, Adoxaceae. When, this week, I checked the Angiosperm Phylogeny working group, one of the most influential sources of plant classification, the family Adoxaceae no longer exists, and <i>Sambucus</i> is in the viburnum family, Viburnaceae. (The World Flora Online and Kew Garden's Plants of the World Online both agree, Viburnaceae.) That is why when you look up elderberries, the sources may give you different plant families as well as different scientific names. I have no idea if being in the Viburnaceae will last.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDQRJc_0jppblSFYUru0HbvFTm-_xRcO5Y9kQ_uMRTOD5Y5MEdqNQaY6Uilc1tRWGLqTIL9X3FQRTKfyjSDKId86MycSQj8PvnMdC3osdL_N607tWwBYRzkwemP-nr_h21NdkEchcjyHj97o4YEs3BhOmKjVwokPT3H4C0EucC-brqHNd-Lr_hRf6ghLY/s3072/DSCN2730.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Sambucus, elderberry" border="0" data-original-height="2304" data-original-width="3072" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDQRJc_0jppblSFYUru0HbvFTm-_xRcO5Y9kQ_uMRTOD5Y5MEdqNQaY6Uilc1tRWGLqTIL9X3FQRTKfyjSDKId86MycSQj8PvnMdC3osdL_N607tWwBYRzkwemP-nr_h21NdkEchcjyHj97o4YEs3BhOmKjVwokPT3H4C0EucC-brqHNd-Lr_hRf6ghLY/w400-h300/DSCN2730.JPG" title="Sambucus, elderberry" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">elderberry with unripe fruit</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The berries of black elderberries are edible and have been used for food everywhere they grow. The plants are pretty well defended by compounds that break down to release cyanide, sambunigrin, and so, not good to eat. However, by the time the fruits are fully ripe, they contain virtually none of those compounds. Historically as well as today, elderberries distributed their seeds by packing them into delicious berries that birds (and other animals but especially birds) ate and then dropped elsewhere in their feces. Across all the wild elderberries, some are sweeter than others, some pretty bitter, likely indicating more or less of the cyanogenic compounds. </p><p>The poisons are much more concentrated in stems and leaves than flowers and fruit. People have cooked with elderflowers and made elderflower wine as well. The ripe berries are generally safe to eat raw but they can be made even safer by cooking, because that destroys the cyanogenic compounds. </p><p>Furthermore, poisoning is a function of dosage. The poisoning symptoms start with nausea, then vomitting and diarrhea. There seems to be only one well-documented case of elderberry poisoning in North America in the last 50 years; a group on a retreat made elderberry juice from native elderberries in California (<i>Sambucus nigra</i> ssp. <i>cerulea</i>). They mashed elderberry fruits, the stems, and some leaves, added sugar and apple juice. The people who had five glasses of the juice were the sickest, although only one was hospitalized, very uncomforable but not in life-threatening condition. People who drank less juice had milder symptoms.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxAbrBJahsTkOapmupCZ92iyvkartLmxLJujR_iyp1Bv-6HxztNU77HFjgHeK2tBYpP-Y4spBPCVTAwLfzbcjFD3r5In8ko5WB9LTYbxvrNNZactnOMCg5A8_Hhe7NTXsTKGvWzcXYvjZDEUrsC5USQ680u7nQEgs_2ktxnsS0a3ixBOH_QIWSqS7jpAI/s2992/IMG_9992.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Elderberry, Sambucus" border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2992" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxAbrBJahsTkOapmupCZ92iyvkartLmxLJujR_iyp1Bv-6HxztNU77HFjgHeK2tBYpP-Y4spBPCVTAwLfzbcjFD3r5In8ko5WB9LTYbxvrNNZactnOMCg5A8_Hhe7NTXsTKGvWzcXYvjZDEUrsC5USQ680u7nQEgs_2ktxnsS0a3ixBOH_QIWSqS7jpAI/w400-h400/IMG_9992.JPG" title="Elderberry, Sambucus" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Red elderberry, <i>Sambucus racemosa</i>, a distinct North American species that is readily recognized by its red berries, is considered poisonous, including the berries. However, numerous Native American tribes ate red elderberries. When you look carefully, they ate the berries dried or cooked and as wine, all treatments that reduce their toxicity. </p><p>Black elderberries are widely grown or foraged to make jam or pie or wine, or other uses of berries. Delicious!</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ml7dgZkdIpJuJiPGWCRUuUqviPRYUs_5FKKFxZmZVo6-NWWzf5-nmtvfcage8qlBHm4NsbBnLlvPtvj5jUM_iCwh4-con4xILyZPd_LN0tG3AgiWHl3fR_8aYOz8-r_hvvGvZfbilvPdsqqOpxfR2ogmvbhSPPcuVHbPMUJ9mZRcVWn9aZ0ZdESYsxU/s945/Sambucus_nigra__Black_elderberry.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="elderberries, Sambucus" border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="945" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ml7dgZkdIpJuJiPGWCRUuUqviPRYUs_5FKKFxZmZVo6-NWWzf5-nmtvfcage8qlBHm4NsbBnLlvPtvj5jUM_iCwh4-con4xILyZPd_LN0tG3AgiWHl3fR_8aYOz8-r_hvvGvZfbilvPdsqqOpxfR2ogmvbhSPPcuVHbPMUJ9mZRcVWn9aZ0ZdESYsxU/w400-h300/Sambucus_nigra__Black_elderberry.jpg" title="elderberries, Sambucus" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table>Elderberries were used for many things besides being eaten and have a huge body of folklore. I will write about that in a later post. <div><br /></div><div>Comments and corrections welcome. <br /><p></p><p>References</p><p>Anonymous. 1984. Poisoning by elderberry juice--California. CDC (Center for Disease Control, US) MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000311.htm" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 1/26/24)</p><p>Appenteng, M. K., R. Krueger, M. C. Johnson, H. Ingold, R. Bell, A. L. Thomas and C. M. Greenlief. 2021. Cyanogenic glycoside analysis of American elderberry. Molecules. 26 (5): 1384. </p><p>Applequist, W. L. 2015. A brief review of recent controversies in the taxonomy and nomenclature of <i>Sambucus nigra sensu</i> <i>latu</i>. Acta Hortic. 1061: 25-33.</p><p>Bolli R. 1994. Revision of the genus <i>Sambucus</i>. J. Cramer. Berlin. this is the key taxonomic paper but I haven't seen the original.</p><p>Moerman, D. E. 1997. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, Portland, OR. Online: <a href="http://naeb.brit.org" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 1/26/24)</p><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div><div><br /></div></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-53535367361005127812024-01-21T14:46:00.000-08:002024-01-27T22:37:26.431-08:00Flowers, Since its Midwinter<p> It has been snowy and cold, icy and cold, windy and cold, and just cold the last week. So here are so plant photos to remind you of warmth. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR-a21uPS46rSjkOgfpKxORQDOCNPcxu1msLLJK9QAEXbwVBHaLXYFi9NaHNrlHvgiwOCyYYoB940HE_gSZvwMpmB_zxS1GydI26pPU6AKEWGMJYds0bLQKnQ-mQXfrT6AM4GO4yq-hp_6fomE-Pr9AWZ8yMIU5qnCZEVU0zU7Su2qO5F3gBbHMPWKsmA/s4156/DSC03279.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ixora" border="0" data-original-height="3626" data-original-width="4156" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR-a21uPS46rSjkOgfpKxORQDOCNPcxu1msLLJK9QAEXbwVBHaLXYFi9NaHNrlHvgiwOCyYYoB940HE_gSZvwMpmB_zxS1GydI26pPU6AKEWGMJYds0bLQKnQ-mQXfrT6AM4GO4yq-hp_6fomE-Pr9AWZ8yMIU5qnCZEVU0zU7Su2qO5F3gBbHMPWKsmA/w400-h349/DSC03279.JPG" title="Ixora" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Ixora</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>These you could go see, now, by going to tropical or subtropical places. Cultivated ornamentals, very beautiful. Imagine heat and humidity as you look at them:<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzFHFpq_OH2AndnlHpzAx2W5AOFBzawFtgkI3EAfwB-Jo7DUdeQ3EjdOvyqgYzMrhgXuweZHemjQ4U0AExC71gKMpc5b1x4LEkbN3uqbvnE9BYDStWmGszSl0vW3fKcgQOt1P4g4WEr6vZohg2AOWVJZGtma-x5FZ-C7L-EzylC5VqX5FEY_XJ8xjr8Yc/s4896/DSC00878.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="orchids" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzFHFpq_OH2AndnlHpzAx2W5AOFBzawFtgkI3EAfwB-Jo7DUdeQ3EjdOvyqgYzMrhgXuweZHemjQ4U0AExC71gKMpc5b1x4LEkbN3uqbvnE9BYDStWmGszSl0vW3fKcgQOt1P4g4WEr6vZohg2AOWVJZGtma-x5FZ-C7L-EzylC5VqX5FEY_XJ8xjr8Yc/w300-h400/DSC00878.JPG" title="orchids on a tree" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">orchid</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg6o9k0ZA_CrwMTlB9OGTJqOTluPbXLZCYYidztiWKEJt9kgKg7f85in7xxIr61bO-StW6pzGqWormuPxKE026X3EZpmrYpyoUy65IsxcF_2XJ4T9KqcLTH86xhazOD7RncBOe1sDvyaGw4Qw07fNpXfQyjxjSsuKT3exm-ZduOEDAqu57ergPESneH9o/s4207/DSC02894.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="bougainvillea" border="0" data-original-height="3647" data-original-width="4207" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg6o9k0ZA_CrwMTlB9OGTJqOTluPbXLZCYYidztiWKEJt9kgKg7f85in7xxIr61bO-StW6pzGqWormuPxKE026X3EZpmrYpyoUy65IsxcF_2XJ4T9KqcLTH86xhazOD7RncBOe1sDvyaGw4Qw07fNpXfQyjxjSsuKT3exm-ZduOEDAqu57ergPESneH9o/w400-h346/DSC02894.JPG" title="bougainvillea" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">bougainvillea</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio5Y0iq59_yFwH7Tx6BlRYY1-lUXbXbA0ICbjTlg2AkhRe9Qz1QWmK6AHIdl-JhuLfHLUqq_73XHNjPX04i_boPro0YKe-bk5SGSUlXBThFU7SckxBOarOZN0vAk4w9c3UkburoH2bkA7XfBM-UqMBld3IUQCb1JqM8E0ybVzO4ocO9F1SAaX2gR3-oPg/s3658/DSC03000.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="camellia" border="0" data-original-height="3203" data-original-width="3658" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio5Y0iq59_yFwH7Tx6BlRYY1-lUXbXbA0ICbjTlg2AkhRe9Qz1QWmK6AHIdl-JhuLfHLUqq_73XHNjPX04i_boPro0YKe-bk5SGSUlXBThFU7SckxBOarOZN0vAk4w9c3UkburoH2bkA7XfBM-UqMBld3IUQCb1JqM8E0ybVzO4ocO9F1SAaX2gR3-oPg/w400-h350/DSC03000.JPG" title="camellia" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">camellia</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-_OjOjVE3XVdBDbBaFBZalQhnb2pNO-f9ZHvRoL5AG4uamSb60yIZN6jyYOHVKBMsYWJjOSz_l5eJqRdgZIzUzYhBizkLM0CPKOvS7IjaWRV9PzC1dxKBTLkW0vKAJ1rITx88bdqeAYZ0ywDaAf83mDaMFL4utnzks4qWAqpa6ls3RDADpVDm0OvxvSs/s4414/DSC03038.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="rosy periwinkle" border="0" data-original-height="3639" data-original-width="4414" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-_OjOjVE3XVdBDbBaFBZalQhnb2pNO-f9ZHvRoL5AG4uamSb60yIZN6jyYOHVKBMsYWJjOSz_l5eJqRdgZIzUzYhBizkLM0CPKOvS7IjaWRV9PzC1dxKBTLkW0vKAJ1rITx88bdqeAYZ0ywDaAf83mDaMFL4utnzks4qWAqpa6ls3RDADpVDm0OvxvSs/w400-h330/DSC03038.JPG" title="rosy periwinkle" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">rosy periwinkle, <i>Catharanthus </i>probably</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8rVFRcwIEBXXg5gun-kIjEV4Vk16e6HFe7DRu-rme96RiquV7GAcJ6_GTlCZYYtwJXn19GdrRyylg44jL1tCUy4bb1XLzyC97OLGvduwQsgVVcr7gw_ObhyFwEzgvFblmxwVp3AJgvmigq34J2wnhhycrL6G_WBD8-rBJzTL6DUAM4rvhCfwdLt_zzwM/s4896/DSC04714.JPG" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 238); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ki, red dracaena, Cordyline fruticosa" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8rVFRcwIEBXXg5gun-kIjEV4Vk16e6HFe7DRu-rme96RiquV7GAcJ6_GTlCZYYtwJXn19GdrRyylg44jL1tCUy4bb1XLzyC97OLGvduwQsgVVcr7gw_ObhyFwEzgvFblmxwVp3AJgvmigq34J2wnhhycrL6G_WBD8-rBJzTL6DUAM4rvhCfwdLt_zzwM/w300-h400/DSC04714.JPG" title="ki plant, red dracaena, Cordyline fruticosa" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ki or ti in Hawaii, red dracaena, <i>Cordyline fruticosa</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Or, these, if you went to the Southern Hemisphere, where it is summer, </p><p> from South America</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXFH4bDuO0qQrqd3QEMEX5kp3zzILN_MSoKjxYyYfWf5NeBYnRHsdWBuMPjZlY3fk9huUW8VB7zrjGWAVY1HtyBl3_0lFwflMCsDQR3AxKOulEkUe9Gk_-ZAMda2wH1FS8-4lJHcdTGWkg0GNPXguOlo6Uh3kQKPr40q4ZCh2DUQnUPdrnM7g25vpDwRc/s3072/DSCN1690.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="firebush, Embothrium coccineum Patagonia" border="0" data-original-height="2304" data-original-width="3072" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXFH4bDuO0qQrqd3QEMEX5kp3zzILN_MSoKjxYyYfWf5NeBYnRHsdWBuMPjZlY3fk9huUW8VB7zrjGWAVY1HtyBl3_0lFwflMCsDQR3AxKOulEkUe9Gk_-ZAMda2wH1FS8-4lJHcdTGWkg0GNPXguOlo6Uh3kQKPr40q4ZCh2DUQnUPdrnM7g25vpDwRc/w400-h300/DSCN1690.JPG" title="firebush, Embothrium coccineum Patagonia" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">firebush, <i>Embothrium coccineum </i></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">New Zealand</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglQZPg3_WUFVOtyqn5nJDBuEk_fy_XjvDQ6IXl4QJbkwGWDspqcIIQQSkNgr3FarhYhIQifzJVp0RfXNOWdgY66y1X0V0rBTYCebSTzANdSGG-zoYLgOXMY89N9dfYN8PSF3p8EMBbRuaPEYqp396PX2rw9Wv3ujTHUykSdK2fuMAJGaxKnP8mb4KZHtI/s2489/DSCN3013.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="flowers, New Zealand" border="0" data-original-height="2026" data-original-width="2489" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglQZPg3_WUFVOtyqn5nJDBuEk_fy_XjvDQ6IXl4QJbkwGWDspqcIIQQSkNgr3FarhYhIQifzJVp0RfXNOWdgY66y1X0V0rBTYCebSTzANdSGG-zoYLgOXMY89N9dfYN8PSF3p8EMBbRuaPEYqp396PX2rw9Wv3ujTHUykSdK2fuMAJGaxKnP8mb4KZHtI/w400-h325/DSCN3013.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBXf70-6TWRZTwibO4XKStMLrJcmBIKe-OQ6S_dFqUxyhLLoV0mHkn6IsBcT5A0K2VR2udEP0VCzj6TwsNcsEZ8TXiIezxn5I97ZQDkOh7KTYaDevRAMMdaAlGyN0hNlr7bz2VPlqKwo2X9WAb4gq1Pjkdm4pDMlDSsvDHlVm22OpMrF0ZpqPa2lv0UR8/s2747/DSCN3015.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="flowers, New Zealand" border="0" data-original-height="2215" data-original-width="2747" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBXf70-6TWRZTwibO4XKStMLrJcmBIKe-OQ6S_dFqUxyhLLoV0mHkn6IsBcT5A0K2VR2udEP0VCzj6TwsNcsEZ8TXiIezxn5I97ZQDkOh7KTYaDevRAMMdaAlGyN0hNlr7bz2VPlqKwo2X9WAb4gq1Pjkdm4pDMlDSsvDHlVm22OpMrF0ZpqPa2lv0UR8/w400-h323/DSCN3015.JPG" title="flowers, New Zealand" width="400" /></a></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPgZNnxple1RZjF8uc7mcZeQbUK3hk94igJXXsdIJ5nH8i8gk0CCo5L5-Otvq_3nU7jqk99ax2_NBc3w93nPkC-vtJ2I8L8o6g7iAvpztpZ6bnrlgMHW3LjlRVh4fG2dAvihbvW7JPoIDsAZ1fvW5-3BaYMDkdFso80lCt91Eo_rMTnpeMTewMAj0hEG8/s2446/DSCN3419.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="puhutukawa, New Zealand Christmas tree, Metrosideros excelsa" border="0" data-original-height="2446" data-original-width="2291" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPgZNnxple1RZjF8uc7mcZeQbUK3hk94igJXXsdIJ5nH8i8gk0CCo5L5-Otvq_3nU7jqk99ax2_NBc3w93nPkC-vtJ2I8L8o6g7iAvpztpZ6bnrlgMHW3LjlRVh4fG2dAvihbvW7JPoIDsAZ1fvW5-3BaYMDkdFso80lCt91Eo_rMTnpeMTewMAj0hEG8/w375-h400/DSCN3419.JPG" title="puhutukawa, New Zealand Christmas tree, Metrosideros excelsa" width="375" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">puhutukawa, New Zealand Christmas tree, <i>Metrosideros excelsa</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Australia</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO6N5QbOrKQ-baeKvZ0m3AoRX2kxf01n0sPjMkX6qwXBfLLtHvE7DHLc3-ibZdwFLRA_bY_1n1M5UeZSTYmqGvXo5lD7rNlilm7hzaIRCK3cijGAzs2KnkqeNxdpCJcBTQ_v44BS51ICt-NRPEsu5hxkPdBnVKXq00rH-EoVOaAF_bnzQ92nVRPRVmPYc/s2412/DSCN6203.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Acacia, Australia" border="0" data-original-height="2303" data-original-width="2412" height="383" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO6N5QbOrKQ-baeKvZ0m3AoRX2kxf01n0sPjMkX6qwXBfLLtHvE7DHLc3-ibZdwFLRA_bY_1n1M5UeZSTYmqGvXo5lD7rNlilm7hzaIRCK3cijGAzs2KnkqeNxdpCJcBTQ_v44BS51ICt-NRPEsu5hxkPdBnVKXq00rH-EoVOaAF_bnzQ92nVRPRVmPYc/w400-h383/DSCN6203.JPG" title="Acacia, Australia" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Acacia</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKnjN1MmUDGcvZIjQjAHuDS5jXxPgQcAtzbhzGRJHmm2pbyfv8h70lxkXJaCWAzEVnaUHZ5pR7TO7A_8ND__QQPt3H6dClt-_Q1f-KzFaTo-B5qLKLQhxnvCZg1a3Hm4U1cWWvolqoIg_5md-Go-7sSPxSlT7Be-MgXMJBifKb_tYVfFwm01lRAkA_8MU/s3072/DSCN6242.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="flowers, Australia" border="0" data-original-height="2304" data-original-width="3072" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKnjN1MmUDGcvZIjQjAHuDS5jXxPgQcAtzbhzGRJHmm2pbyfv8h70lxkXJaCWAzEVnaUHZ5pR7TO7A_8ND__QQPt3H6dClt-_Q1f-KzFaTo-B5qLKLQhxnvCZg1a3Hm4U1cWWvolqoIg_5md-Go-7sSPxSlT7Be-MgXMJBifKb_tYVfFwm01lRAkA_8MU/w400-h300/DSCN6242.JPG" title="flowers, Australia" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKuC6Za0zcSWwHfCabd-ObX32WrgSzK6PFLf9FhlBqBELRMY9EcbbN2_O6KMOxgiio8Mod1Gh07mTD-Ds5nlHhfqk93dkLpxGs9E-I9pYZe94injFpYiza2AbXdXGA9xLd2Sn1DcR5Qjqs2rDvbRib544hi9PiJRIQkRNVDWjsmpBKgzS6XyCAUuwpnWI/s4000/IMG_0432.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="flame tree, Australia" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKuC6Za0zcSWwHfCabd-ObX32WrgSzK6PFLf9FhlBqBELRMY9EcbbN2_O6KMOxgiio8Mod1Gh07mTD-Ds5nlHhfqk93dkLpxGs9E-I9pYZe94injFpYiza2AbXdXGA9xLd2Sn1DcR5Qjqs2rDvbRib544hi9PiJRIQkRNVDWjsmpBKgzS6XyCAUuwpnWI/w300-h400/IMG_0432.JPG" title="flame tree, Australia" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">flame tree (<i>Brachychiton</i>), perhaps</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>Somewhere, there are always flowers.<br /><p>Comments and corrections welcome</p><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div><div><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-27057488558526079942024-01-14T12:57:00.000-08:002024-01-15T08:37:46.537-08:00Travel Story--Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh<p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;">It was a rainy September day two years ago when I visited the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. We walked from our hotel, down old streets and past local markets. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicEugYgUckRN3OvsaKTxyqr9xxuU-IHOVkHzQtvyAnNwc4AYgDK1EAKbCbSV5CqC6J1OS9dpadlaOt3vAlfaSoiSh-o49coKUfnY0bjjf6dLChe98TwCbQXexEGUZUbaUFWW5sERRsWrMkxSmnXBZtUoi1Sn9srNmVT_ypdSm-qf28U7SF6fQmvv0KvBA/s4896/DSC02367.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="fall in Edinburgh, Scotland" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicEugYgUckRN3OvsaKTxyqr9xxuU-IHOVkHzQtvyAnNwc4AYgDK1EAKbCbSV5CqC6J1OS9dpadlaOt3vAlfaSoiSh-o49coKUfnY0bjjf6dLChe98TwCbQXexEGUZUbaUFWW5sERRsWrMkxSmnXBZtUoi1Sn9srNmVT_ypdSm-qf28U7SF6fQmvv0KvBA/w400-h300/DSC02367.JPG" title="fall in Edinburgh, Scotland" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edinburgh in September</td></tr></tbody></table><span><a name='more'></a></span>The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh was founded in 1670, making it the second oldest botanical garden in the United Kingdom. <span style="font-size: x-small;">[And the U.K. is rich in botanical gardens <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_the_United_Kingdom" target="_blank">link</a>].</span> Originally estabilshed as a garden of medicinal plants to assist teaching their uses, today that mandate has broadened to "explore, conserve and explain the world of plants." The garden has moved four times, to ever larger locations. Its current spot is 70 acres, close to the center of the city. <p></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;">My visit in September meant flowering was sparse. Edinburgh's climate is mild for 55<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; vertical-align: super;">o</span>N, with cold moist winters and cool summers, the winter lows rarely below freezing, summer highs in the 60s F, so winter is late by Colorado standards, but it was still the end of the growing season. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfIM267npTPaz8t5ffeyfwyxhcoLjUt5LWfs82Pxh2stqBcRoDtvIPfMf8Fde3JXQhLj3WD5gG2q6UmwNcSKxCrMl0f2oj48zewV_hyzumd0G9GWjE2lMf55NZrT2IsOUFfd6Hqw8E6AnWM_nYNgLpNTPwciHZIvIqVdoRVqVzPV0o323EO_b98CusWcc/s4896/DSC02369.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="silver lime, Tilia tomentosa" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfIM267npTPaz8t5ffeyfwyxhcoLjUt5LWfs82Pxh2stqBcRoDtvIPfMf8Fde3JXQhLj3WD5gG2q6UmwNcSKxCrMl0f2oj48zewV_hyzumd0G9GWjE2lMf55NZrT2IsOUFfd6Hqw8E6AnWM_nYNgLpNTPwciHZIvIqVdoRVqVzPV0o323EO_b98CusWcc/w300-h400/DSC02369.JPG" title="silver lime, Tilia tomentosa" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">silver lime, <i>Tilia tomentosa</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>I really appreciate labeled trees. The Garden had all sorts of European trees, plants I more often read about than see. It was great to stand by a healthy examples of a particular tree species, labeled so I didn't misidentify it, and get a sense of what it is like. Silver lime is from southern Europe; I am more familiar with the American linden, <i>Tilia americana</i>. <span style="font-size: x-small;">[Note linguistic differences: I would say linden or linden tree, in the United Kingdom its lime or lime tree, for <i>Tilia </i>species.]</span><div><br /></div><div>The Botanic Garden has many plant collections: rock<span style="caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px;"> gardens, woodland gardens, a Chinese Hillside, collections of Scottish native plants, rhododendrons, and much more. </span><span style="font-family: Gotham A, Gotham B;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57);">I had hoped to see the greenhouses, especially the Seychelles coconut (</span></span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Lodoicea maldivica</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Gotham A, Gotham B;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57);">) which they were growing--impressively far from its native Indian Ocean--but the green houses were closed for renovation. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Gotham A, Gotham B;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57);"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Gotham A, Gotham B;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57);">I enjoyed the grounds. The Chinese hillside had this pretty stand of bamboo. I think of bamboo as tropical so it seemed exotic in Scotland, but in fact bamboos grow up some pretty high mountains. </span></span></div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtW3RrAMEa7n87qL2zaZPrBGHFRD7kodAb_AlevrPHEWpNTscqQiuK3tgelpFvFMwkETqOVTOOPhJwzd4W0Fq6bdaWU6n27HgaiIM3SVCwIPyS3c7JXRmORlLuXqLsTrvvb_NRkcOnWadHirv1u4QlXNMj-ULLannVAiw8AOBaF9YDGFBwJcvDRW-0phQ/s4896/DSC02382.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="bamboo, Fargesia nitida" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtW3RrAMEa7n87qL2zaZPrBGHFRD7kodAb_AlevrPHEWpNTscqQiuK3tgelpFvFMwkETqOVTOOPhJwzd4W0Fq6bdaWU6n27HgaiIM3SVCwIPyS3c7JXRmORlLuXqLsTrvvb_NRkcOnWadHirv1u4QlXNMj-ULLannVAiw8AOBaF9YDGFBwJcvDRW-0phQ/w300-h400/DSC02382.JPG" title="bamboo, Fargesia nitida" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">bamboo (<i>Fargesia nitida)</i> in Scotland</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The path took me past a waterfall through the ferns: </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu4_lWrPb0c3-zHHF1az_Ho6c0q3hafP1k-oje6DbmkosePcklQvqt2-_IpWCbaoUtVbBSeX5lD5pwi5i2ahKoXeg96NGRsHMdGzosw1BMY3QYlg_NFMWbzKbCHshjXeb5B1Zt-GyQfMEwyh_dHEFvYh6Y9axAqtxF6Huu1QMeyBeolncIKkmyqqK43kA/s4896/DSC02388.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="waterfall, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu4_lWrPb0c3-zHHF1az_Ho6c0q3hafP1k-oje6DbmkosePcklQvqt2-_IpWCbaoUtVbBSeX5lD5pwi5i2ahKoXeg96NGRsHMdGzosw1BMY3QYlg_NFMWbzKbCHshjXeb5B1Zt-GyQfMEwyh_dHEFvYh6Y9axAqtxF6Huu1QMeyBeolncIKkmyqqK43kA/w300-h400/DSC02388.JPG" title="waterfall, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The climate was great for rosemary (<i>Salvia rosmarinus</i>) and lavender (<i>Lavendula </i>species), still flowering in September.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKIDUbeA54yYRAODnpnVzUIjnC1jVXT6sp1bWyGc6U0rVXbQYBsbHPb29Zdbxk7PR3Nm3sCi_adTBaTTzAnuGM9ATw-vfSg0qb2MIC_dxehjCezZg2EvmzqkLmrk1udkNBz9y-bcXSoOQOxI0OBaDz2xr8X1m1VqCmCTjGVhi7KvJvZKcGcklEAZ6Ol8E/s4896/DSC02401.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="lavender, Lavendula" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKIDUbeA54yYRAODnpnVzUIjnC1jVXT6sp1bWyGc6U0rVXbQYBsbHPb29Zdbxk7PR3Nm3sCi_adTBaTTzAnuGM9ATw-vfSg0qb2MIC_dxehjCezZg2EvmzqkLmrk1udkNBz9y-bcXSoOQOxI0OBaDz2xr8X1m1VqCmCTjGVhi7KvJvZKcGcklEAZ6Ol8E/w400-h300/DSC02401.JPG" title="lavender, Lavendula" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strike>rosemary, </strike><i><strike>Salvia rosmarinus </strike> </i>lavender <i>Lavendula </i>species<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">I editted this on 1/15/24. A reader pointed out the photo above is lavender not rosemary. Yes. How embarrassing. But, to edit it out is to make the comment look odd. So I'll add the photo that was supposed to go here: <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8zifjTzyZDEyqwzBIkMGDMz0qcMitRtxbKJ0dmEWtd-Q8lzi-uekejMGcWGMOMa1y6a4MeQ0uEL01h_B-FX6svTRDtmOhktBjW92nXf_GHMqAg8VAWmAvtpQdm5ND9432CJLjXmUqhpMA2coJp2NvHJgUu3wjeO2-Arf80X2DQoIonL-QOy4RvqkrjS8/s4896/DSC02398.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="rosemary and lavender" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8zifjTzyZDEyqwzBIkMGDMz0qcMitRtxbKJ0dmEWtd-Q8lzi-uekejMGcWGMOMa1y6a4MeQ0uEL01h_B-FX6svTRDtmOhktBjW92nXf_GHMqAg8VAWmAvtpQdm5ND9432CJLjXmUqhpMA2coJp2NvHJgUu3wjeO2-Arf80X2DQoIonL-QOy4RvqkrjS8/w400-h300/DSC02398.JPG" title="rosemary and lavender" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">rosemary (<i>Salvia</i>) and lavender (<i>Lavendula</i>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div>The afternoon got a bit wet for photography, the photo will have to stand in for the native and useful plant beds.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">If I looked carefully, there were flowers elsewhere, though. On this salvia from China, <i>Salvia przewalskii, </i>the flowers were underneath the big leaves. The leaves were over six inches across! The flowers were quite beautiful, and large, if you compare them to, say, the lavender flowers. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqOc_WE3zVNFEvLserAEdTm7yNoIPIRNushRd5oAvOjc94o14HNFXgtpx63Sz4J0Ebx_2F7K6q98sC0ZhWeygFNkV9J9sK3EURZWTyWtMNH2LO0Ze_NbB-wP_HjEZgLFAm3Zt_A6t0okyQnvLCijq53BR9cXiEeaMF-kr85sEXlyG8PbNfSlVgGQbQZTo/s4896/DSC02377.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ganzi sage, Salvia przewalskii" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqOc_WE3zVNFEvLserAEdTm7yNoIPIRNushRd5oAvOjc94o14HNFXgtpx63Sz4J0Ebx_2F7K6q98sC0ZhWeygFNkV9J9sK3EURZWTyWtMNH2LO0Ze_NbB-wP_HjEZgLFAm3Zt_A6t0okyQnvLCijq53BR9cXiEeaMF-kr85sEXlyG8PbNfSlVgGQbQZTo/w400-h300/DSC02377.JPG" title="Ganzi sage, Salvia przewalskii" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking under the big leaves of Ganzi sage, <i>Salvia przewalskii</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Two salvias in this post? Well, <i>Salvia</i> is a really big genus--nearly 1000 species--in the mint family, Lamaicace, the sixth largest plant family with over 7000 species. There are <i>Salvia</i> species native to North America as well as rosemary from Eurasia and Ganzi sage from China, flowers in blues, purples, whites and reds. I am very fond of salvias. Lavender is in the mint family as well, as are many traditional culinary herbs. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">As always my observations were quirky. You'd notice quite different things, I'm sure.</div><br />Another big European tree, European beech, <i>Fagus sylvatica.</i> Majestic.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmfsDkVS0cVeJjV5ZQXGXiIcKlBKEebffukbMXFemGEcS-IBM5HGcnWgnnYB_f1Z0gsvdrT3RPqxOiiwGS8RBqdkGa2H4skLUNqqqCoc_nvpJggnHs7bASQfxrfwWZNoe8kDH2VvrTQe0aCTCSt0eeg-n7NUXrH1R3ieNZYwof112tFRo5-zmzwqT3Nx0/s4398/DSC02395.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="European beech, Fagus sylvatica" border="0" data-original-height="4398" data-original-width="3065" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmfsDkVS0cVeJjV5ZQXGXiIcKlBKEebffukbMXFemGEcS-IBM5HGcnWgnnYB_f1Z0gsvdrT3RPqxOiiwGS8RBqdkGa2H4skLUNqqqCoc_nvpJggnHs7bASQfxrfwWZNoe8kDH2VvrTQe0aCTCSt0eeg-n7NUXrH1R3ieNZYwof112tFRo5-zmzwqT3Nx0/w279-h400/DSC02395.JPG" title="European beech, Fagus sylvatica" width="279" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">European beech, <i>Fagus sylvatica</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>And from the top of the hill, views across the valley to Edinburgh Castle. <br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXpKnTbymoeFL4Bt1u2_s79TBwrmomgc1Jvs1_0TbJzQIUXlMVFFVnZo5Cwd54eoy-YS0VykBqYok2UR9teqDOfp_uyVrv9SY84EqcnxKX2gBB0h2VC8UdHNiBquaxPIBtF8j0TghVuRGn2Y1775MF8sVAB4fnLv1oCGtqk3nahv-Pek0KhcdX27VwwMU/s4896/DSC02397.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="view of Edinburgh Castle" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXpKnTbymoeFL4Bt1u2_s79TBwrmomgc1Jvs1_0TbJzQIUXlMVFFVnZo5Cwd54eoy-YS0VykBqYok2UR9teqDOfp_uyVrv9SY84EqcnxKX2gBB0h2VC8UdHNiBquaxPIBtF8j0TghVuRGn2Y1775MF8sVAB4fnLv1oCGtqk3nahv-Pek0KhcdX27VwwMU/w400-h300/DSC02397.JPG" title="view of Edinburgh Castle" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View of Edinburgh Castle from the Royal Botanic Garden</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The rain wasn't cold, but it discouraged lingering. There was so much there. A beautiful place to walk. </div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); color: #3d4539; font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;">Comments and corrections welcome.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;">References</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;">Royal Botanic Garden website <a href="https://www.rbge.org.uk" target="_blank">link </a> (Accessed 1/12/24)</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;">History of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburg<span style="color: #3d4539;">h <a href="https://www.rbge.org.uk/about-us/our-history/" target="_blank">link</a> </span>(Accessed 1/12/24)</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;">Why I think the Seychelles coconut, the double coconut, is cool: </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"> (this blog) The World's Largest Seed <a href="https://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2020/01/plant-story-double-coconut-worlds.html" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 1/14/24)</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"> (this blog) Playing Cupid for the Double Coconut <a href="https://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2020/01/playing-cupid-for-double-coconut.html" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 1/14/24)/</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><br /></p><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div><div><br /></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(61, 69, 57); color: #3d4539; font-family: "Gotham A", "Gotham B"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><br /></p></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-19584099188063404912024-01-07T13:04:00.000-08:002024-01-14T12:33:52.087-08:00Plant Story--Lovely Fernbush, Chamaebatiaria millefolium<p>The plant I call fernbush is an American shrub native to the U.S. west, from eastern Oregon and Idaho south to California and New Mexico. It grows to be about 10 feet tall, spreading to 10' wide. It has leaves with lots of divisions, hence the name fernbush, with a rich spicy scent. The flowers rise in spikes of white flowers with yellow centers. The USDA plants data base calls it desert sweet. An older plant book called it tansybush, because the leaves look like, and smell a little like, the garden plant tansy (<i>Tanacetum vulgare</i>). </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbhNXa-qEoXLOWAorBhSVrJdin4fhtgszPnL6zaH3mt4nTQX_AykikAS5AUPgFY89Gee8ZAkZdZ9gOL9C6Xe9EMWwMushntvCxoQ5PVgDpSMWbP0AmY50ZbTnyaDcgF_jZxdgWmTCIFFinRAKwWtGHwgUyhj2rlTAIXvxXAMIWtWQ831sEgIs5BiTUSKw/s4896/DSC00750.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="fernbush Chamaebataria millefolium" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbhNXa-qEoXLOWAorBhSVrJdin4fhtgszPnL6zaH3mt4nTQX_AykikAS5AUPgFY89Gee8ZAkZdZ9gOL9C6Xe9EMWwMushntvCxoQ5PVgDpSMWbP0AmY50ZbTnyaDcgF_jZxdgWmTCIFFinRAKwWtGHwgUyhj2rlTAIXvxXAMIWtWQ831sEgIs5BiTUSKw/w400-h300/DSC00750.JPG" title="fernbush Chamaebataria millefolium" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">fernbush <i>Chamaebataria millefolium</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>Fernbush's scientific name is <i>Chamaebatiaria (</i>in the rose family, Rosaceae). There is an older genus called <i>Chamaebatia</i>, comprised of two species of low shrubs, also in the rose family, which <i>Chamaebataria</i> resembles, consequently the scientific name is intended to say "like <i>Chamaebatia.</i>" I find this ironic because fernbush has a much larger range. The two species of <i>Chamaebatia</i> are found only in California and northern Mexico while <i>Chamaebataria</i> is found over most of the far western U.S. and into Mexico. The similarities are strong. Both have compound leaves of many leaflets with a distinctive aroma, and white, open rose-like flowers. DNA studies do not find them to be close relatives within the roses, however. Apparently the botanist that named <i>Chamaebataria</i> already knew <i>Chamaebatia</i>. <div><i><br /></i></div><div>The name <i>Chamaebatia </i>is derived from the Greek, <i>chamai</i> meaning "low" and <i>batos</i> "bramble." <i>Chamaebatia</i>'s common name is mountain misery. Both the scientific and common names refer to the fact that the shrub is dense and very hard to move through. <p></p><p>There is only one species in the genus <i>Chamaebataria, Chamaebataria millefolium, </i>fernbush<i>,</i> and its native range is only six western states and a bit of Mexico, making it a regional endemic. The species epithet <i>millefolium</i> means "thousand-leaves" referring to the fern-like leaves and also to the leaves of yarrow, <i>Achillea millefolium</i>. </p><p>In its native range, fernbush grows on tough rocky soils, from cracks in the rocks, and colonizes lava flows. It is a resilient, drought-tolerant shrub. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRAK7jAcU56VT097fKPBcjN6HzGJ2NgtULS3QMp1Qqo7EqutzQBDJiYqc8_r9GJV9WIMXvsPEqQapi9sK_nJNePaCRrh6xdsYPC1gjViUc7tblZhPNAm0ufucXJycNf1EyMjJJvu55soKvaxNYK98I3U9_PcJjGiolEy1EZHg3jokJyTVNbpsq-MScLnc/s3667/DSC01697.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="fernbush Chamaebataria millefolium" border="0" data-original-height="3667" data-original-width="3112" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRAK7jAcU56VT097fKPBcjN6HzGJ2NgtULS3QMp1Qqo7EqutzQBDJiYqc8_r9GJV9WIMXvsPEqQapi9sK_nJNePaCRrh6xdsYPC1gjViUc7tblZhPNAm0ufucXJycNf1EyMjJJvu55soKvaxNYK98I3U9_PcJjGiolEy1EZHg3jokJyTVNbpsq-MScLnc/w340-h400/DSC01697.JPG" title="fernbush Chamaebataria millefolium" width="340" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">leaves of fernbush <i>Chamaebataria millefolium</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br />The flowers of fernbush are open, five-petaled white flowers with yellow stigmas and stamens in the middle, very much the basic shape of wild roses and other members of the rose family. They make a dramatic showing and attract numerous large and small bees, butterflies, little wasps, and flies. <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeV9Ex_zn9e-uWn1jOJencvyJXlRjdjAG3wMsUmqpEKQ1P44VkrnMkKTBaSPTi6gm7VH9mYcwqMRDkGApgsaefs2MsitBmMWkF6uJe5XoWwTDkTUUynOwrJM18xiHSositqIqw443Xmu-UJJwMpbMUXtASkPrU2yE2ygtlyMNjRu2U7wZfGQlGDs_t1sE/s4000/IMG_4041.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="flowers of fernbush, Chamaebataria millefolium" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeV9Ex_zn9e-uWn1jOJencvyJXlRjdjAG3wMsUmqpEKQ1P44VkrnMkKTBaSPTi6gm7VH9mYcwqMRDkGApgsaefs2MsitBmMWkF6uJe5XoWwTDkTUUynOwrJM18xiHSositqIqw443Xmu-UJJwMpbMUXtASkPrU2yE2ygtlyMNjRu2U7wZfGQlGDs_t1sE/w300-h400/IMG_4041.JPG" title="flowers of fernbush, Chamaebataria millefolium" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">flowers of fernbush, <i>Chamaebataria millefolium</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>Native Americans across the range of fernbush used it externally to treat back pain and venereal disease and internally for stomach cramps. The Ramah Navajo smoked fernbush leaves in a corn husk for hunting success. They also used the leaves to feed sheep and goats. <br /><br />Extracts of "Chamae Rose" are sold as natural remedies, for detoxifying, skin rejuvenation, and purifying the blood. There does not appear to be any scientific study of the medicinal claims. In 2003, Tucker and colleagues tested the leaf chemistry and found no compounds with medical properties to differentiate fernbush chemistry from the chemistry of leaves generally, writing,<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span>"<span style="font-family: Code2000;">In conclusion, no essential oil constituent supports the medicinal claims for "Chamae Rose."(p. 574). As far as I can tell, that remains the scientific last word.</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoUc2nAWr8wC-7EUp2dZxSEnudeDy7cRBVJp7NtJS0Rc8uq9DWz_O13R4O1uSArG0cGLyUWFnhACP5W_eKTEq5nErq5kLK_AHKVjihLi1YndIrE7ZYhBAXuSih3BCyMGuc2xNM73kPJoi7XBUH8IEXw59Gp2cvj6fxt6cxpX_uPKTtZC6M0qzi0JKwNKE/s2742/IMG_2386.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="fernbush, Chamaebataria millefolium" border="0" data-original-height="2742" data-original-width="2154" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoUc2nAWr8wC-7EUp2dZxSEnudeDy7cRBVJp7NtJS0Rc8uq9DWz_O13R4O1uSArG0cGLyUWFnhACP5W_eKTEq5nErq5kLK_AHKVjihLi1YndIrE7ZYhBAXuSih3BCyMGuc2xNM73kPJoi7XBUH8IEXw59Gp2cvj6fxt6cxpX_uPKTtZC6M0qzi0JKwNKE/w314-h400/IMG_2386.JPG" title="fernbush, Chamaebataria millefolium" width="314" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">fernbush, <i>Chamaebataria millefolium</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div>Chamae rose seems to me an inspired name. Fernbush refers it to ferns, but it is not a fern. Desert sweet is a lovely name but doesn't describe any particular characteristics of the plant. Chamae rose provides useful information since it combines the first part of the scientific name with rose, the plant's family but also a description of the flowers. It is short, distinctive, and descriptive, but it is used for the herbal medicine, not the plant. You could equally call both species of <i>Chamaebatia</i> chamae rose, though their name mountain misery is well-established. Searching on the USDA plants list, fernbush drew a blank because they call it desert sweet. Looking for it on Google, desert sweet I got "do you mean <i>dessert sweet</i>"? and no plants. If you are looking for it in the literature, try all the possibilities. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Whatever you call it, watch for fernbush. Is it growing in a spot where most plants won't grow? What insects are visiting the flowers? What does the foliage smell like to you? Its a very interesting and attractive plant.<br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Comments and corrections welcome.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">References</span></div><p>Moerman, D. E. 1998.Native American Ethnobotany. BRIT Press, Fort Worth, Texas.</p><p>Mozingo, H. N. 1987. Shrubs of the Great Basin. University of Nevada Press. Reno, Nevada. </p><p>Nold, R. 2008. High and Dry. Gardening with Cold-Hardy Dryland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, Oregon.</p>Tucker, A. O. , M. J. MacIarello, J. Hendrickson and J. Davis. 2003. The essential oils of <i>Chamaebatiaria millefolium</i>, <i>Chamaebatia australis</i>, and <i>Chamaebatia foliolosa</i> (Rosaceae) and comments on "Chamaebatiaria multiflorium" and "Chamaebatiaria nelleae" as medicinal plants. Economic Botany 57 (4): 570-575. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4256741" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 1/7/24)<p class="content-meta-data__authors" data-v-03fee2ca="" style="margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="content-meta-data__authors" data-v-03fee2ca="" style="margin: 0px;">U.S. Forest Service. <i>Chamaebataria millefolium</i> Rosaceae. www. fs.usda.gov <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/boise/research/shrub/Links/2004papers/shaw-chamaebatiariamillefolium2004.pdf" target="_blank">link</a></p><p class="content-meta-data__authors" data-v-03fee2ca="" style="margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="content-meta-data__authors" data-v-03fee2ca="" style="margin: 0px;">Yogaesoteric 2019. Chamae rose, the herb that contains monoatomic gold, detoxifies and creates clear skin. yogasteric.net <a href="https://yogaesoteric.net/en/chamae-rose-the-herb-that-contains-monatomic-gold-detoxifies-creates-clear-skin/" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 1/7/24) See other examples by searching Chamae rose.</p><p class="content-meta-data__authors" data-v-03fee2ca="" style="margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div data-v-03fee2ca=""><div class="summary-journal" data-v-03fee2ca="" data-v-25617342="" style="color: var(--pharos-color-marble-gray-20); font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: var(--pharos-font-size-small); letter-spacing: -0.32px;"><div data-v-25617342=""><br /></div></div></div></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-62655338334965916882024-01-01T09:05:00.000-08:002024-01-01T09:05:38.007-08:00Botanical Garden Observations<p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86); font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Botanical gardens are zoos for plants; places where plants from around the world are conserved. Frequently they are public but they do not have to be. Frequently also the staff conduct research on topics relating to plant propagation and identification.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86); font-size: 16px;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwhPUa9FqPyIb0wXPQ2FFs2UPYp_avH3h53sLBv_tyTL5Jtmc3po2xtdRZ-zV8KHLgfEfgMJXP3H7-4D848X2Ao8v_CHANVLxZMvvT7FWu74KBlH6xpmFtZhmXOnTByu_xVhsdcF_SDgkGlRGa3TpWCuracUpN7lZOFIz5Dx21qeokEarmrjkFZh3tkzg/s4000/IMG_4773.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Singapore Botanic Garden" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwhPUa9FqPyIb0wXPQ2FFs2UPYp_avH3h53sLBv_tyTL5Jtmc3po2xtdRZ-zV8KHLgfEfgMJXP3H7-4D848X2Ao8v_CHANVLxZMvvT7FWu74KBlH6xpmFtZhmXOnTByu_xVhsdcF_SDgkGlRGa3TpWCuracUpN7lZOFIz5Dx21qeokEarmrjkFZh3tkzg/w400-h300/IMG_4773.JPG" title="Singapore Botanic Garden" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Singapore Botanic Garden</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86); font-size: 16px;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></span><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);">Cities and universities often have botanical gardens. In a new areas, I like to visit botanical gardens. </span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);">One of the strengths of botanical gardens is that they label the plants. Learning more plants, beginning with their names and going on to their ecology, can be difficult. Many places do not have thorough plant identifcation guides and cultivated plants are often omitted. Labeled plants are really helpful. But few places, at least in the United States, put labels on plants, so botanical gardens are wonderful resources for learning to identify plants. </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuhC5oMaXCtXrrLRZFlnvWA9ERujB8Kl0XlGlgk7ynGr9MJYc80JnPtqoVw3ekpTv36IV_hftwcvEDfHxdKP93T4fCPIREea84fxijR6GEmXiyROPhgv0IDljIiIKin_irOpVwm4dvF_WbGovENSCx5JvCgua8x-EfdXh8nlIHn3Z45N1dkEHIovU-VXo/s2619/IMG_7503.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="looks like an hibiscus" border="0" data-original-height="2546" data-original-width="2619" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuhC5oMaXCtXrrLRZFlnvWA9ERujB8Kl0XlGlgk7ynGr9MJYc80JnPtqoVw3ekpTv36IV_hftwcvEDfHxdKP93T4fCPIREea84fxijR6GEmXiyROPhgv0IDljIiIKin_irOpVwm4dvF_WbGovENSCx5JvCgua8x-EfdXh8nlIHn3Z45N1dkEHIovU-VXo/w400-h389/IMG_7503.JPG" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Looks like an hibiscus." <br />Label: <i>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</i> Malvaceae, from Asia</td></tr></tbody></table><span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);">Remembering any particular plant name is a challenge, but you can walk up to plants in a botanical </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);">garden and say to yourself, "it looks like a hibiscus, mallow family, Malvaceae" and, when you get close enough to the sign, read that in fact, it is an hibiscus, perhaps one you've never seen before (there are at least 300 species). Or, of course, oops, its something else entirely.</span><p><span style="caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);">Keeping those name labels properly associated with the plant is more of a challenge than it seems. Big botanical gardens have thousands of labels. Plants die, orphaning the label. Plants spread, so that visitors may see the unlabeled part of the plant. Other plants may grow in between the label and its plant, confusing visitors. You have to alert, if you want to learn from botanical garden labels. Its easy when you are looking at a clump grass and the sign says its a juniper. Its not so easy when neither the actual plant nor the plant named by the label are familiar to you.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMGtJX3-3vUmhOdxaAkRIJglkoj-0vObtOZiQIsLRr2hK5TyT6Nmx1tbyNw0OltnqVcYUQCxvutyCl9gocwKtnfE7_Dh02QAs9qMR10QDpdgrRhUO7J5hXzi2gb8sukRZ8yJqYLUMcRdNGnfvArOgKk5z1y5Im8Rpugq1p6_S1LrAM4Kps6FZYSRllCZA/s2992/IMG_0793.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="plant label without the right plant" border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2992" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMGtJX3-3vUmhOdxaAkRIJglkoj-0vObtOZiQIsLRr2hK5TyT6Nmx1tbyNw0OltnqVcYUQCxvutyCl9gocwKtnfE7_Dh02QAs9qMR10QDpdgrRhUO7J5hXzi2gb8sukRZ8yJqYLUMcRdNGnfvArOgKk5z1y5Im8Rpugq1p6_S1LrAM4Kps6FZYSRllCZA/w400-h400/IMG_0793.JPG" title="plant label and the wrong plants" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This one is pretty easy: a juniper is an evergreen conifer,<br />the label is not for the visible plants</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);"><br /></span><p></p><p>(These days you can take a photo of the plant and ask the internet or an ap what the name is. You still have to be wary. The internet or ap often names the most likely plant for the area. The botanical garden may have intentionally planted a rare plant or a plant from half the world away, in which case the internet or ap id is likely to be wrong. Furthermore, many plants need characters for identification that the easy photograph doesn't pick up, like tiny hairs on the stem or the details of the seed.)</p><p>When traveling, I am interested in the plants of the area I am visiting. Despite the naming, botanical gardens can be difficult for that goal, because most are primarily for local people and what local people want to see are strange plants from across the world. Growing local wildflowers is a low priority for most moderate sized botanical gardens. That may be changing, as local wildflowers become rare and gardeners want to grow them. Big botanical gardens, like the United States Botanic Garden on the Washington Mall, have for years grown natives. They encompass diverse ecosystems, so expect their visitors to have seen some of the plants of their large region, but not all.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNevEqPXsQm4lrfKVkA7MOWpTtUMCnObvDIwLvXuSm434AS780ua5xmxGhWaICuBIaHE8b7G5HY4sepBrVUl9N9XCnMDMiEJQvun6foTJq6FyjauRtv9RyUCXb9llHsdDaJ0rHRiA2rGRN4WbEBLYV24nwuxleaECSxcbnHydnp8Sn6zYovRldPuwvLBI/s4896/DSC04617.JPG" style="caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86); font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="prairie display, Denver Botanic Garden" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNevEqPXsQm4lrfKVkA7MOWpTtUMCnObvDIwLvXuSm434AS780ua5xmxGhWaICuBIaHE8b7G5HY4sepBrVUl9N9XCnMDMiEJQvun6foTJq6FyjauRtv9RyUCXb9llHsdDaJ0rHRiA2rGRN4WbEBLYV24nwuxleaECSxcbnHydnp8Sn6zYovRldPuwvLBI/w400-h300/DSC04617.JPG" title="prairie display, Denver Botanic Garden" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">prairie display, Denver Botanic Garden, Denver Colorado; <br />plants of the grasslands near Denver<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_03bkjdiGn_yHhnbe-ptE59Laav_eKXm8Tqs28o6wLpOUABNZTiEdh-FdiZu4xdMNvJIwb3fX6xfaFjiJKkf08Xq8003954QqecLysopDRWJEef8NIcRGgdCOsYxKp1GMgmq2oHMyuoYMiFRozkINNS9LT3cdyMbFIPWv8gxVNj9IZ3lBjdwyY20iMg0/s4000/IMG_9426.JPG" style="caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86); font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="U.S. Botanic Garden plant display, SE US" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_03bkjdiGn_yHhnbe-ptE59Laav_eKXm8Tqs28o6wLpOUABNZTiEdh-FdiZu4xdMNvJIwb3fX6xfaFjiJKkf08Xq8003954QqecLysopDRWJEef8NIcRGgdCOsYxKp1GMgmq2oHMyuoYMiFRozkINNS9LT3cdyMbFIPWv8gxVNj9IZ3lBjdwyY20iMg0/w400-h300/IMG_9426.JPG" title="U.S. Botanic Garden plant display, SE US" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Display of southeastern U.S. plants at the United States Botanic Garden, <br />Washington, D.C.</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Growing plants from all over the world in one place is difficult. You can amend the soil or water heavily for plants requiring extra water. Keeping it dry enough to grow cacti in the tropics is not so easy. The Singapore Botanic Garden put a roof over the desert collection, to keep the rain off. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4ZPGKjZBGxRFUo-1tk3GxL9SVSwxqLbe4nNSgl3N2YvdQMHCVwtwdY8g12OZbuz5EBTg2pQrw9qd_kWkONiQVK6wLPDrEvI0YaIRar8HUEI8ANDpsK3oP2Fd0y_CimATM1OHFCdi2h2xM_rTXrpkKtQrMHUr-f5ZJ5iNUCDm79OXfHpQ_lJgYoUT2-b0/s3072/DSCN3486.JPG" style="caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86); font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Cactus protected from rain, Singapore Botanic Garden" border="0" data-original-height="2304" data-original-width="3072" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4ZPGKjZBGxRFUo-1tk3GxL9SVSwxqLbe4nNSgl3N2YvdQMHCVwtwdY8g12OZbuz5EBTg2pQrw9qd_kWkONiQVK6wLPDrEvI0YaIRar8HUEI8ANDpsK3oP2Fd0y_CimATM1OHFCdi2h2xM_rTXrpkKtQrMHUr-f5ZJ5iNUCDm79OXfHpQ_lJgYoUT2-b0/w400-h300/DSCN3486.JPG" title="Cactus house, Singapore Botanic Garden" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cactus house, Singapore Botanic Gardens</td></tr></tbody></table><p>For tropical plants in temperate regions, one needs a greenhouse, with adequate heating and light during the winter. This works well for small plants like orchids and bromeliads, but it is more of a challenge for tropical trees that can grow to 100' or more. None of the options--build a really big structure, cut the plants back, rotate in seedlings every decade or two--is all that easy or cheap.</p><p>The list goes on. Plants have regional distributions because the environmental conditions they require are not found everywhere. Botanical gardens are a dramatic example of humans searching to circumvent nature's rules.</p><p>One thing botanical gardens are great at is growing iconic plants that you might not otherwise be able to see. Coastal redwoods (<i>Sequoia sempervirens</i>), native only to a limited section of California, can be seen in botanical all across Europe. The giant water lily <i>Victoria amazonica</i>, from remote areas in South America, with one of the world's largest leaves, is grown at the Denver Botanic Garden every summer. Or just plants from difficult to reach ecosystems, like mountain avens, <i>Dryas octopetala,</i> a famous climate indicator used by paleontologists which I had read about but not seen because it grows in the high arctic or very high in the mountains. </p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5TI7sRWybSQsto2ok8v4lqXXzcDRUFj7biXRKW-Cag57naYXVcrKz8m9tjx6o_XL1Ct2waW3ChQlVY-_3O4GzaeDJOcDuNnpf7sJ1ULi_mpQz4a4pt1Tpkm2o3Fu00mvAcJicCjrLm8-x2w1XHaIZiN6vSAXdSScCZDlIgILVP0vnAi2MxGP56Ms8tKU/s4896/DSC04625.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Victoria amazonica leaf" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5TI7sRWybSQsto2ok8v4lqXXzcDRUFj7biXRKW-Cag57naYXVcrKz8m9tjx6o_XL1Ct2waW3ChQlVY-_3O4GzaeDJOcDuNnpf7sJ1ULi_mpQz4a4pt1Tpkm2o3Fu00mvAcJicCjrLm8-x2w1XHaIZiN6vSAXdSScCZDlIgILVP0vnAi2MxGP56Ms8tKU/w400-h300/DSC04625.JPG" title="Giant waterlily, Victoria amazonica" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Amazon water lily leaf, Denver Botanic Garden, Denver, Colorado<br />This is June, this leaf will be at least twice this size by September.</td></tr></tbody></table><i><br /></i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfmS7-9smYgtcJamoupRUNzDw4E7KjWJF6RCeAA555xXGOlYniEBLNukMNbb49DKBjvap2NE4wlXYheGCY7TLhL9hsO9bzQ3d__rtanan2hqriqHXwPgxFmxp3e8Cf5AaXgGfdLPLxlpx8hnyA5NhbjECr__GGDLyvv141RnOm7PFBBgkVWi_N7l2V8ds/s2992/Dryas%20octopetala.JPG" style="caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86); font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Dryas octopetala, mountain avens" border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2992" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfmS7-9smYgtcJamoupRUNzDw4E7KjWJF6RCeAA555xXGOlYniEBLNukMNbb49DKBjvap2NE4wlXYheGCY7TLhL9hsO9bzQ3d__rtanan2hqriqHXwPgxFmxp3e8Cf5AaXgGfdLPLxlpx8hnyA5NhbjECr__GGDLyvv141RnOm7PFBBgkVWi_N7l2V8ds/w400-h400/Dryas%20octopetala.JPG" title="Dryas octopetala, mountain avens" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Dryas octopetala</i>, mountain avens, a high arctic plant <br />growing in the Gothenburg Botanic Garden, Stockholm</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>Botanical gardens are pretty places to visit, with nice landscaping. They are full of beautiful plants. But more than that, they provide a place to learn about plants. You never know what you are going to see or learn.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfkTrvpS8Y_IQ3Pzkw499OSZioHbpfkhz_WRvegA28nM3TN9E78dIlxeRUW-203oZQ6ks0KNu9pspRHjCtqXotAJHJCgX28FqCDTCKgZSQE_KNEpgbPCpUB4Ykn2Wpokb-Y2V6P66_y8dHNjpWTu-7CgefSX52MnhmInDUyyieDKMHE6sqSRVpW9FbdnA/s3390/IMG_6781.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Cheyenne Botanic Garden sign" border="0" data-original-height="2945" data-original-width="3390" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfkTrvpS8Y_IQ3Pzkw499OSZioHbpfkhz_WRvegA28nM3TN9E78dIlxeRUW-203oZQ6ks0KNu9pspRHjCtqXotAJHJCgX28FqCDTCKgZSQE_KNEpgbPCpUB4Ykn2Wpokb-Y2V6P66_y8dHNjpWTu-7CgefSX52MnhmInDUyyieDKMHE6sqSRVpW9FbdnA/w400-h348/IMG_6781.JPG" title="Cheyenne Botanic Garden sign" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sign at the Cheyenne Botanic Gardens, Cheyenne, Wyoming<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><br /><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVAC0HWzgHbkjJ0HMs8FI6lTIwjpv_8E5mDbGLVPQi5NWD1AxEyhsZdXjDh2zHiSFXwHavN3hZzgoW6hws3auqcwD5rjh9ZbAawark815o6lddgku52Lvsj3ft1cmKkMSfoEZAN2qjpLwJTLxcdYVgms7nwBjmoFCwtkUVF6tgjlurmuvU21f43SYdTI8/s4334/DSC02804.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sweet grass sign, United States Botanic Garden" border="0" data-original-height="3049" data-original-width="4334" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVAC0HWzgHbkjJ0HMs8FI6lTIwjpv_8E5mDbGLVPQi5NWD1AxEyhsZdXjDh2zHiSFXwHavN3hZzgoW6hws3auqcwD5rjh9ZbAawark815o6lddgku52Lvsj3ft1cmKkMSfoEZAN2qjpLwJTLxcdYVgms7nwBjmoFCwtkUVF6tgjlurmuvU21f43SYdTI8/w400-h281/DSC02804.JPG" title="Sweet grass sign, United States Botanic Garden" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sweet grass sign, United States Botanic Garden<br />(the grass is below, not the serrated-leaf plant photobombing me).</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Lovely places, botanical gardens.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Note. Botanical and botanic mean the same thing. Apparently botanic is the older adjective and not used much any more. I know botanical sounds better to me. Be aware that whichever one a particular garden uses, they are proud of it and will tell you that it is absolutely the right word to use, and imply that all those other gardens should be renamed. Try to use the word they use.<br /><br /></div><div>Comments and corrections welcome. </div><div><br /></div><div>Further reading</div><div>Mountain avens W. Fertig. Plant of the Week. USDA FS Wildflowers <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/dryas_octopetala.shtml" target="_blank">link</a> (accessed 1/1/24)</div><div>Giant waterlily K.H.Keeler Victoria Water Lily. Part 2. The Plant. <a href="https://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2022/07/the-victoria-water-lily-2-plant.html" target="_blank">link</a> (accessed 1/1/24)</div><div><div style="font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div><div><br /></div></div></div><br />A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-50728068175164585422023-12-24T15:00:00.000-08:002023-12-24T15:00:00.137-08:00Plant Story--Beauty Bush, Linnaea amabilis or Kolkwitzia amabilis<p>Beauty bush is a pretty shrub native to central China. It is a member of the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliacae. It was introduced first to Great Britain about 1900 and then to the United States. It became a popular garden plant in the U.S., though it was never as popular in Europe or China. It is rare in the wild. In the United States, it has naturalized in at least seven states, from Massachusetts to Utah.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi20JZxL5AQ4lKvFFMQr7tEJ6VaVBsdwkCU6X9LvzWKOhdbVbbpdFyV4VD1heJLgCnT06LVAPCZ4TCitntVC1vWwXWopSj0jGe0OIAIANuokmK0PL9ByoyHPi_SzPWVds6g6Way6ZSOKavw-y4smrtnleirK91a2pwYK8ymxTmEvycjDXn3q3Kgn5uRwE4/s4199/DSC01284%202.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="beauty bush, Kolkwitzia amabilis" border="0" data-original-height="3652" data-original-width="4199" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi20JZxL5AQ4lKvFFMQr7tEJ6VaVBsdwkCU6X9LvzWKOhdbVbbpdFyV4VD1heJLgCnT06LVAPCZ4TCitntVC1vWwXWopSj0jGe0OIAIANuokmK0PL9ByoyHPi_SzPWVds6g6Way6ZSOKavw-y4smrtnleirK91a2pwYK8ymxTmEvycjDXn3q3Kgn5uRwE4/w400-h348/DSC01284%202.JPG" title="beauty bush, Linnaea amabilis" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beauty bush, <i>Linnaea amabilis</i> or<i> Kolkwitzia amabilis</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>It is a pretty shrub, growing to about 10' high with an arching shape. In spring, it can be covered in pinkish white flowers with yellow centers. <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-He3v28qFDyMtwrc4PIWAzXg4Awja2E7jTtH3wwIENXpjBcO3RntShzNRmI4S38fRQF2_FG06lHJ0mAdwPlxPE1xweqjL1P_VfBxNb4515tg-ooDDRiISikaKXu9HCibHyz0jwzOAF6CMp8n-HkzpzoEUybgp-ZSVoCMbFRfUAixidLpTB59CclwbhrE/s4000/IMG_4548.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="beauty bush, Linnaea amabilis" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-He3v28qFDyMtwrc4PIWAzXg4Awja2E7jTtH3wwIENXpjBcO3RntShzNRmI4S38fRQF2_FG06lHJ0mAdwPlxPE1xweqjL1P_VfBxNb4515tg-ooDDRiISikaKXu9HCibHyz0jwzOAF6CMp8n-HkzpzoEUybgp-ZSVoCMbFRfUAixidLpTB59CclwbhrE/w300-h400/IMG_4548.JPG" title="beauty bush, Kolkwitzia amabilis" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbWne_YmfYzls-GpHjp8LFf7UC4JoXXT4RcsYdIut58aVCVn8K1LGUEMDquuO14rkqjdlu7hbqKFlEJ9jsXcX2pdJJT5B5WWDJzTpBbF1DnztHqX3Ptwip2eBeN5UKGM571KCjzqAWWoXJOMs360gPAAdfl-AE0YRD30sSK2T4TXNvCtFwdERu79nW9UE/s2020/DSC01288.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="beauty bush Kolkwitzia amabilis flowers" border="0" data-original-height="1486" data-original-width="2020" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbWne_YmfYzls-GpHjp8LFf7UC4JoXXT4RcsYdIut58aVCVn8K1LGUEMDquuO14rkqjdlu7hbqKFlEJ9jsXcX2pdJJT5B5WWDJzTpBbF1DnztHqX3Ptwip2eBeN5UKGM571KCjzqAWWoXJOMs360gPAAdfl-AE0YRD30sSK2T4TXNvCtFwdERu79nW9UE/w400-h294/DSC01288.JPG" title="beauty bush Linnaea amabilis flowers" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Close up of beauty bush flowers, featuring a bumblebee's butt (right, middle)<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>The flowers attract a lot of pollinators, honeybees, bumble bees, and many smaller insects, making the plant ahum with activity.<div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimZcFOOtzUIOhzd0bmiUKjmaZ79K-ErW-ZvnKj8i1VwO6TTHfWZDcqPGBx6eZg78xI9fgPEtJK4vivOu829cC3t-uz2hQ6d40caLivIa0YMVgi6_4ofv359crBUbZA6f11vX-xmFB904tXqVc3RAFEhJpXILHjz1mSKwQJu1EZK8rsjtBNt0cJNjk7Lcw/s3609/DSC01279.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3609" data-original-width="3591" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimZcFOOtzUIOhzd0bmiUKjmaZ79K-ErW-ZvnKj8i1VwO6TTHfWZDcqPGBx6eZg78xI9fgPEtJK4vivOu829cC3t-uz2hQ6d40caLivIa0YMVgi6_4ofv359crBUbZA6f11vX-xmFB904tXqVc3RAFEhJpXILHjz1mSKwQJu1EZK8rsjtBNt0cJNjk7Lcw/s320/DSC01279.JPG" width="318" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The bark on older stems peels. I like interesting barks, so this makes this pretty plant more attractive. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJSt1Oi-VA1mnlDrATG3KgK9Amr8ZPmXEslPD3RbzWiI39XcZ5Xh2NbZqzih0KVvg-QxcINGVSD8TSCRTq9KC-MJP7KYr8_0fRi0qcnDezRQjr1eQYVJ8U6GG3PZ8tExBYybBJ3Zsc4j22Jz7Jy7uV8id57BLV_MogPuFpZAijRuehci-_3oOc-LSTcjk/s4896/DSC04829.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="beauty bush, Linnaea amabilis, peeling bark" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJSt1Oi-VA1mnlDrATG3KgK9Amr8ZPmXEslPD3RbzWiI39XcZ5Xh2NbZqzih0KVvg-QxcINGVSD8TSCRTq9KC-MJP7KYr8_0fRi0qcnDezRQjr1eQYVJ8U6GG3PZ8tExBYybBJ3Zsc4j22Jz7Jy7uV8id57BLV_MogPuFpZAijRuehci-_3oOc-LSTcjk/w300-h400/DSC04829.JPG" title="beauty bush, Kolkwitzia amabilis, peeling bark" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The seeds are in fuzzy little seed pods. Since the plant has naturalized in the United States, these are probably fertile, but I have not seen seedlings in my Colorado yard.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy4so8OORhBlW6wUZNCZG_VnQ1_BYwj4APj5JsNdlAF6KAae1_LVt20ftPGjeP3gf4yRyxaB_6EF3OoemHbkr89R-ZlhSt8HP5pNnEnCcVNQbMwwtM-31rybHs4UrL1J1YSbONgHvE2uj3C86YhfRJrsW9msLIDxpy8qRmCvgD58PUpqIPoqcxWtRTdwg/s2311/DSC04831.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="beauty bush, Linnaea amabilis seed pods" border="0" data-original-height="1938" data-original-width="2311" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy4so8OORhBlW6wUZNCZG_VnQ1_BYwj4APj5JsNdlAF6KAae1_LVt20ftPGjeP3gf4yRyxaB_6EF3OoemHbkr89R-ZlhSt8HP5pNnEnCcVNQbMwwtM-31rybHs4UrL1J1YSbONgHvE2uj3C86YhfRJrsW9msLIDxpy8qRmCvgD58PUpqIPoqcxWtRTdwg/w400-h335/DSC04831.JPG" title="beauty bush, Kolkwitzia amabilis, seed pods" width="400" /></a></div><br />Beauty bush's scientific name honors German botanist Richard Kolkwitz as <i>Kolkwitzia</i>, with the species epithet <i>amabilis</i>, meaning lovely. When it was named, in 1901, beauty bush was the only plant in the genus <i>Kolkwitzia</i>. More than 100 years later, it remains the only <i>Kolkwitzia</i>. In 2013, Christenhusz at Kew Gardens published an analysis that moved beauty bush into the genus <i>Linnaea</i>. There is a clear lineage of honeysuckle relatives from a single source (monophyletic) that includes <i>Kolkwitzia</i> and <i>Linnaea,</i> and others. By putting them all into the genus <i>Linnaea</i>, Christenhusz drew a bigger circle, making a genus containing 16 species. Before that, <i>Kolkwitzia</i>, <i>Linnaea</i>, <i>Vesalea</i>, and <i>Diabelia</i> were single-species (monotypic) genera, <i>Dipelta</i> had three species, and the other nine species were <i>Abelia</i> species. World Flora Online and Wikipedia have accepted this revision but you find beauty bush as <i>Kolkwitzia</i> in the U.S.D.A. Plants data base, Missouri Botanic Garden's plant list and Kew Gardens' International Plant List Index. It has been a decade since the publication, which suggests that some authorities don't agree about the merger. Going with the change, all the nurseries will have to learn a new name; but at the same time, for everyone, there will be five fewer genus names to learn. </div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">[Botanical Note: <i>Linnaea </i>is a very famous genus, named for Linnaeus, founder of our bionomial nomenclature system, himself. The one plant in the genus <i>Linnaea</i> historically was the twin-flower, a small herb of the high Arctic, found across both in Eurasia and North America. Twin-flower was Linnaeus' favorite flower and the one he chose for his coat of arms when he was ennobled. [see photo <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=linnaea+borealis&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8" target="_blank">twin-flower</a>]. In the revision, there will be shrubs that are <i>Linnaea</i> species, including beauty bush which is temperate not arctic, from China not Europe, changing the way the genus <i>Linnaea</i> is seen. T</span><span style="font-size: small;">o conserve the name </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Linnaea, </i>Chr</span><span style="font-size: small;">istenhusz put all those others int</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">o <i>Linnaea</i>, </span><span style="font-size: small;">another debatable point.]</span></div><div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh__tUgmye8FX4Nd9fiDERwu4GgbY4ZGlyKrlCtCXjsDoZ_yEhzIXTRHrT-YMhWMBFXEgKdz0-tr99rv248g45x-d7I6osTYihwmajCdcQ5apdgv7wHN_NTXlZKcB2vuZj2tD90qAhxO9e9BeRCOlE292csvdUySy_VXC3kqHbcvapf0PcJ8tqrtvl0np8/s2842/IMG_3170.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2842" data-original-width="2538" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh__tUgmye8FX4Nd9fiDERwu4GgbY4ZGlyKrlCtCXjsDoZ_yEhzIXTRHrT-YMhWMBFXEgKdz0-tr99rv248g45x-d7I6osTYihwmajCdcQ5apdgv7wHN_NTXlZKcB2vuZj2tD90qAhxO9e9BeRCOlE292csvdUySy_VXC3kqHbcvapf0PcJ8tqrtvl0np8/s320/IMG_3170.JPG" width="286" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">beauty bush, <i>Linnaea amabilis</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Flowers of twin-flower, <i>Linnaea borealis</i>, are dramatically paired. These close relatives, including beauty bush, have a pair-wise division of the flowers, but it is not as dramatic as in twin-flower.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Here is a photo of beauty bush that makes it look like a honeysuckle, which is the family to which it belongs. </div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg42XP7tt1lriExpB2R1FUTp-FBa2hz851vs89LcyRtbQesEiioIwFjWhhWB_H-iTQsNNRND2NvSU_Te9bQZrN2r8cw_eMhIxWrR0hLBtKeAKRsJ9Q9eHRLMa2uBpGx29GOTQtgskrRfYpsO1f8SNHOck_NOQaSF7PAGPFKf8OED1DholDs6bDtr3Nk3JE/s3571/IMG_7706%202.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Linnaea amabilis, beauty bush" border="0" data-original-height="2692" data-original-width="3571" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg42XP7tt1lriExpB2R1FUTp-FBa2hz851vs89LcyRtbQesEiioIwFjWhhWB_H-iTQsNNRND2NvSU_Te9bQZrN2r8cw_eMhIxWrR0hLBtKeAKRsJ9Q9eHRLMa2uBpGx29GOTQtgskrRfYpsO1f8SNHOck_NOQaSF7PAGPFKf8OED1DholDs6bDtr3Nk3JE/w400-h301/IMG_7706%202.JPG" title="Kolkwitzia amabilis, beauty bush" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">beauty bush</td></tr></tbody></table><p>I have generally preferred lumping to splitting, putting more species into a genus, not making more genera. I have now learned <i>Kol-k-witz-i-a</i> is the genus for beauty bush, but I learned the genus <i>Linnaea </i>long ago. It will be easy remember that <i>Linnaea</i> is beauty bush's scientific name, so I'll support the revision. Not everyone likes the revision, you can join either group.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiumEfPc9xb0qUcok4y2jrQ_EiSbTsxd5se1H_cTWskcnatrM34IOE7d_tbMIZPx7-DTGzNhhPiTvkjzYlHPmGBS6N_kQJVP6m44nRNT96Xdq8WtE1SZSSPeNDd9qLTxBKkpvTw7V3aAmeavRtLBFtDxJdKjkQURSS3YDU6rDH3yNc_S_gzvcqwZ3-caFs/s4000/IMG_3169.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="beauty bush, Linnaea amabilis" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiumEfPc9xb0qUcok4y2jrQ_EiSbTsxd5se1H_cTWskcnatrM34IOE7d_tbMIZPx7-DTGzNhhPiTvkjzYlHPmGBS6N_kQJVP6m44nRNT96Xdq8WtE1SZSSPeNDd9qLTxBKkpvTw7V3aAmeavRtLBFtDxJdKjkQURSS3YDU6rDH3yNc_S_gzvcqwZ3-caFs/w300-h400/IMG_3169.JPG" title="beauty bush, Kolkwitzia amabilis" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plant in full flower</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>I can find no medicinal or other uses for beauty bush, but twin-flower and honeysuckles generally are used in herbal medicines and honeysuckle branches for construction, so I think the omission of beauty bush is because it was and is rare in China. Thus, beauty bush is known simply as an attractive ornamental shrub, which it is.</div><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(33, 37, 41); color: #212529;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Comments and corrections welcome.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(33, 37, 41); color: #212529;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">References</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(33, 37, 41); color: #212529;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Christenhusz, M. J. M, 2015. Twins are not alone: a recircumscription of <i>Linnaea</i> (Caprifoliaceae). Phytotaxa. 125 (1) 25-32. </span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(33, 37, 41); color: #212529;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span></p><div><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(38, 38, 38); color: #262626; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 40px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 8px;">The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. <i>Kolkwitzia amabilis</i>. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/ <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:148523-1" target="_blank">link </a></li><li class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(33, 37, 41); color: #212529;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Kolkwitzia amabilis</i>. Missouri Plant Finder. <a href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=278986" target="_blank">link</a> </span></span>Accessed 12/21/23.</li><li class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 8px;">Lauener, L.A. 1996. The Introduction of Chinese Plants to Europe. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. </li><li class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(33, 37, 41); color: #212529;"><i>Linnaea amabilis</i>. North Carolina Extension Gardener </span><span style="color: #212529;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(33, 37, 41);">Plant Toolbox. <a href="https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/linnaea-amabilis/" target="_blank">link</a> </span></span></span>Accessed 12/21/23.</li><li class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #212529;"><i>Linnaea amabilis</i>. 2023. Wikipedia. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaea_amabilis" target="_blank">link</a> </span></span>Accessed 12/23/23.</li><li class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">WFO. 2023. World Flora Online. Published on the Internet. </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Kolkwitzia amabilis</i><a href="https://www.worldfloraonline.org/search?query=Kolkwitzia" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank"> link</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Accessed 12/23/23.</span></li><li class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #212529;">USDA. 2014. <i>Kolkwitzia amabilis</i>. USDA Plants data base. <a href="https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=KOAM80" target="_blank">link </a></span></span>Accessed 12/23/23.</li><li class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 8px;">Valder, P. 1999. The Garden Plants of China. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.</li><li class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 8px;"><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: -webkit-standard;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: -webkit-standard;"><br /></div></li></ul></div></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-62177786801336933562023-12-17T15:00:00.000-08:002023-12-17T15:00:00.137-08:00Books and Writing<p>In this holiday season, I am trying to bring my books to people's attention, hoping for interest that leads to being read.</p><p>I wrote the novel, <i>I Have Seen Marvels, a Journey to Paraguay 1630</i>, because, on a journey to northern Argentina in 1994, I saw that region for the first time and learned a bit of its history. Contact between Europeans and the native peoples of the Americas and European settlement was different and yet similar across the continents. Each set of colonization stories has uniquely interesting dilemmas, interactions, and heroes. Enchanted, I wanted to tell stories from early central South American settlement, since they were largely unknown to North American audiences. Hence the book. (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Have-Seen-Marvels-Journey-Paraguay-ebook/dp/B0BT17WWYB/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1XZ46LYGYRPBV&keywords=Kathleen+Keeler&qid=1702751526&s=digital-text&sprefix=kathleen+keeler%2Cdigital-text%2C139&sr=1-1" target="_blank">link</a>)</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiS5OMIb4CZR1tFYE7t9pjVzLKxWWZaYZQnVdvBaMzetdymro02bFdsXRsKkuLGDv3O18qAjTX5-bdTQ7qTElQuFbEhQWgUpYr8xvjRGqMTIxyQrW3Lm5uMPJ9saaYSRKtHwaOUFAHVfE7VyJY_yPE6i0CUeAaICvpfd8fm_PWz9lr8xpaaDJE5TYhYY8/s3633/DSC03073.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Book: I Have Seen Marvels" border="0" data-original-height="3633" data-original-width="2441" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiS5OMIb4CZR1tFYE7t9pjVzLKxWWZaYZQnVdvBaMzetdymro02bFdsXRsKkuLGDv3O18qAjTX5-bdTQ7qTElQuFbEhQWgUpYr8xvjRGqMTIxyQrW3Lm5uMPJ9saaYSRKtHwaOUFAHVfE7VyJY_yPE6i0CUeAaICvpfd8fm_PWz9lr8xpaaDJE5TYhYY8/w269-h400/DSC03073.JPG" title="Book: I Have Seen Marvels" width="269" /></a></div><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>Writing fiction was an adventure. A lovely adventure, because I had to learn what was familiar to a woman from Spain and what was new to her. When we study history, mostly it is political history, but generally women are more deeply interested in their families than in politics. So looking at it from a woman's viewpoint, I enjoyed struggling with choices of clothing and food, while shrugging major issues like the Reformation as not her problem. <p></p><p>And historical, as lived, is always personal. Depending on who they are, people choose their side in a conflict. Looking back after hundreds of years, we may know that their side lost with great suffering, so that choosing differently would have been a much better decision, and we can point to clues that were there from the beginning, but that does not help the people who were there at the time. Furthermore, each culture tells the story differently. Being there, even fictitiously, is quite another experience from viewing it as history. Of course those dashing English pirates were simply criminals to Spaniards.</p><p>So I wrote a journey by sailing ship from Spain to Havana to Buenos Aires to Asuncion. I wanted to consider food and customs and how contact with the Americas was changing those, and to show colonists trying to build a society like the one in Spain but failing due to all the differences of the New World. The idea was to visit a place exotic in time and space from 21st century Colorado.</p><p>Writing the novel was great fun. If you have one in mind, don't be afraid to try. In fact, I've been reading the unpublished novels of several of my friends and there are wonderful stories stored away on people's shelves. Write that story. I personally must publish to complete a writing project and move on, but that's just an peculiar consequence of my career as a university professor. In truth, sharing a story with friends is also valid. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjASo1AzsadTSM22FIo8jyLpBPG6KI-DmG5Fw0jWI4AUU1ZB2r8sXxkkZId0JtuvTWBpI29U4u1Cx-kg5nLueEOkTmeW40eI4YX8_lO76wIEmlAIEUyeVwqfQVEtMOJKXCeGKzx4kWD-VR1-LyJRiIRiIoZk2S-emrc_I5AYPt4UkuirdQZv2rS764Tjvg/s1263/IMG_4546.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="a tomato" border="0" data-original-height="1263" data-original-width="1131" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjASo1AzsadTSM22FIo8jyLpBPG6KI-DmG5Fw0jWI4AUU1ZB2r8sXxkkZId0JtuvTWBpI29U4u1Cx-kg5nLueEOkTmeW40eI4YX8_lO76wIEmlAIEUyeVwqfQVEtMOJKXCeGKzx4kWD-VR1-LyJRiIRiIoZk2S-emrc_I5AYPt4UkuirdQZv2rS764Tjvg/w180-h200/IMG_4546.jpg" title="a tomato" width="180" /></a></div><p>Since I'm promoting one of my books, I will mention two books I wrote some years ago, pulling stories from this blog together as "<i>Curious Stories of..</i>." They are for sale at Amazon: <i>Curious Stories of Familiar Plants From Around the World</i> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Curious-Stories-Familiar-Plants-Around/dp/098616948X/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3O3VB31MGKUI0&keywords=Keeler+curious+stories&qid=1702751046&sprefix=keeler+curious+stories%2Caps%2C137&sr=8-1" target="_blank">link</a> and<i> Curious Stories of Familiar Garden Plants</i> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Curious-Stories-Familiar-Garden-Plants-ebook/dp/B01MTG457N/ref=sr_1_3?crid=3O3VB31MGKUI0&keywords=Keeler+curious+stories&qid=1702751046&sprefix=keeler+curious+stories%2Caps%2C137&sr=8-3" target="_blank">link</a>. These little books feature my favorite stories. You can read them in this blog: the Supreme Court ruling that tomatoes are vegetables, that carrots were for centuries a Protestant vegetable, and many others. The books are for those who prefer books.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuT3PnhM_roZaTHm0qi6H3hVqUJpGKLTOu6GWjtDMuDdUxJqWsxMrAZPQuCu6j-0IDyqEOydlNhODvJyyQcirVLlrTbg8o2RpdleXzoyoNhChpBhakJ2hzO_-Fcq4qbRI2v3hBup4_uYt31OzS3l7uxX5bk4CmSv9E6-9cgCnpZU1ibGjHE1h5wufjA4Q/s4000/IMG_1755.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="book: Curious Stories of Familiar Plants from Around the World" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuT3PnhM_roZaTHm0qi6H3hVqUJpGKLTOu6GWjtDMuDdUxJqWsxMrAZPQuCu6j-0IDyqEOydlNhODvJyyQcirVLlrTbg8o2RpdleXzoyoNhChpBhakJ2hzO_-Fcq4qbRI2v3hBup4_uYt31OzS3l7uxX5bk4CmSv9E6-9cgCnpZU1ibGjHE1h5wufjA4Q/w300-h400/IMG_1755.jpg" title="book: Curious Stories of Familiar Plants from Around the World" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZOPyLXt8GwotETsy1oljYHn2IQ53PbuOV-ukuFzyaxJZZMcl9Zb1ZGMuLJDVFadypm1n6_yx_s_N6Jk1WrQp5PJ7ZHH6KwKcyvHgfmS4tW3nufT4Z2NTVos4zWoln5uD0cIQcuGID0pvTrGP5etIc6bLWk-FpapAZ9mDo7uzw0V2kcRZJ4vMpqRYKCLE/s3185/CSFGP_Cover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Book: Curious Stories of Familiar Garden Plants" border="0" data-original-height="3185" data-original-width="2052" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZOPyLXt8GwotETsy1oljYHn2IQ53PbuOV-ukuFzyaxJZZMcl9Zb1ZGMuLJDVFadypm1n6_yx_s_N6Jk1WrQp5PJ7ZHH6KwKcyvHgfmS4tW3nufT4Z2NTVos4zWoln5uD0cIQcuGID0pvTrGP5etIc6bLWk-FpapAZ9mDo7uzw0V2kcRZJ4vMpqRYKCLE/w258-h400/CSFGP_Cover.jpg" title="Book: Curious Stories of Familiar Garden Plants" width="258" /></a></div></div><p></p><p>Just before Covid, I wrote two other books, <i>NoCo Notables, 15 Plants of the Colorado Front Range Worth Knowing</i> and <i>Look Twice, 15 Plants to Notice at Lake McConaughy</i>. Both pick really conspicuous plants like yuccas and sunflowers, and, as in this blog, provide stories beyond the bare bones information a plant identification book can provide. Neither of those is currently on Amazon, making them mainly available through me until I publish new editions. (Contact me.) They are certainly part of my ongoing commitment to promoting of stories about plants and will reappear. </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhizeyjWqC4si4fYaJZ25MED5yScxRH03ncbV4-FhAf5Lp750wtYyZZwtTfOSOJpHBNLc6eGeBJ86bQYOU0HLflFxVVxKX4ohr-IJ5gv7A0j1hKdqMwT_bky-6FOB02_uSHcDnHY4G-kzv_kxYi76B5Z-LHm7CRB7NEkYMYptjOf9JaPgXtd3J0vak41H4/s2025/KeelerNoCo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Book: NoCo Notables" border="0" data-original-height="2025" data-original-width="1322" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhizeyjWqC4si4fYaJZ25MED5yScxRH03ncbV4-FhAf5Lp750wtYyZZwtTfOSOJpHBNLc6eGeBJ86bQYOU0HLflFxVVxKX4ohr-IJ5gv7A0j1hKdqMwT_bky-6FOB02_uSHcDnHY4G-kzv_kxYi76B5Z-LHm7CRB7NEkYMYptjOf9JaPgXtd3J0vak41H4/w261-h400/KeelerNoCo.jpg" title="Book: NoCo Notables" width="261" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivs3UsZkWATX3PpQ-4Pm8SvfGxHJt1LasYeR8b4wyc840Zqi_fTUDA3P4x8ccSS_yZb7KohmC0W5-n_Q-KB09LwRXGNt4dRL6QFlRFPoVveSrbh1e1grLnzbYnl7GF2u28WxW2BhgiIsTiRqw9t3QI4dMWKayF6EB07qLF8rvra1rUZ0WI0BmhHdT9ppY/s1246/LookTwicecover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: right;"><img alt="Book: Look Twice, 15 Plants of Lake McConaughy" border="0" data-original-height="1246" data-original-width="792" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivs3UsZkWATX3PpQ-4Pm8SvfGxHJt1LasYeR8b4wyc840Zqi_fTUDA3P4x8ccSS_yZb7KohmC0W5-n_Q-KB09LwRXGNt4dRL6QFlRFPoVveSrbh1e1grLnzbYnl7GF2u28WxW2BhgiIsTiRqw9t3QI4dMWKayF6EB07qLF8rvra1rUZ0WI0BmhHdT9ppY/w254-h400/LookTwicecover.jpg" title="Book: Look Twice, 15 Plants of Lake McConaughy" width="254" /></a></p><p>Writing is fun and lets me share ideas. Finishing projects and fixing all the details gets to be work, but then I can publish it and call it shared. </p><p>Comments and corrections welcome as always.</p><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><p><br /></p>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-87343185752379162862023-12-10T14:59:00.000-08:002023-12-10T14:59:00.318-08:00Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, ColoradoWhen I walk a natural area, I'm focused on the ground, looking for and at the plants. Sometimes I miss the panoramas entirely. I wrote wrote two blogs about Horsetooth Reservoir's trails, in western Fort Collins Colorado, and shared almost only the flower pictures. Looking though the pictures this week, I was caught by the vistas. So I'll share them today<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipljsFTsZJ2s5dllJ0ea8HbVjELwV2JbqDjd-giHAuvbPAugQUWt-jFUP3P1U6tZ82TZH8_co5oDrpnoFKlx8U4ArIG_l3l2mkWzH76_uswnM4o5OtPNwhhlZE12447hgQQq5DJH5bhw4e_YtbBbsE4Kyh-94Mj5aUk4pGQ3wHX3prh3WVwDgDjVhlojo/s4896/DSC01985.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipljsFTsZJ2s5dllJ0ea8HbVjELwV2JbqDjd-giHAuvbPAugQUWt-jFUP3P1U6tZ82TZH8_co5oDrpnoFKlx8U4ArIG_l3l2mkWzH76_uswnM4o5OtPNwhhlZE12447hgQQq5DJH5bhw4e_YtbBbsE4Kyh-94Mj5aUk4pGQ3wHX3prh3WVwDgDjVhlojo/w400-h300/DSC01985.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">It is properly called Horsetooth Mountain Open Space and lies west and north of Horsetooth Reservoir in Fort Collins Colorado. It rises from 5.430 feet to 7,255 feet, which is low elevation in a county where the high point is 13,500 feet. The term mountain takes its name from the very distinctive peak Horsetooth Mountain (height 7259 ft) (it looks like a horse's tooth, but I can't find a photo to link to.)</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0r4i3RL1QdOZY4PFLtvq01bxyiypXcG9o3VOxIuQkzpJoGnOJ63SX8njNI6102fHT5QNixueKtoAJ8HNEf5iqZOE2Mu4d73SpdLfp2splnP5uXcooUlIZ4VyQ9TQwvoRymE4OyMvmTL-zec9V20iwWDhltsCxQfFRI8QqbieVzO62Tkl0EOl32Whsclw/s4896/DSC02000.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0r4i3RL1QdOZY4PFLtvq01bxyiypXcG9o3VOxIuQkzpJoGnOJ63SX8njNI6102fHT5QNixueKtoAJ8HNEf5iqZOE2Mu4d73SpdLfp2splnP5uXcooUlIZ4VyQ9TQwvoRymE4OyMvmTL-zec9V20iwWDhltsCxQfFRI8QqbieVzO62Tkl0EOl32Whsclw/w400-h300/DSC02000.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbdthVLAXM284skSZNCc2aU8zd35ejefFxX1Ds3asYo67xOzD3z1b5zdMIUQtm8wjJMo3IJAA6f5UxXJwWd_NCaDLk8BO87sFhmcfJ84mb5F7PYnyjmBr0mNVGm2W4DObqhUGgzpG1ePybZuIl5se7ZGsHer48mr8IR5nYxWbMuszq6Zvl9HD2njWFj6w/s4896/DSC02002.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbdthVLAXM284skSZNCc2aU8zd35ejefFxX1Ds3asYo67xOzD3z1b5zdMIUQtm8wjJMo3IJAA6f5UxXJwWd_NCaDLk8BO87sFhmcfJ84mb5F7PYnyjmBr0mNVGm2W4DObqhUGgzpG1ePybZuIl5se7ZGsHer48mr8IR5nYxWbMuszq6Zvl9HD2njWFj6w/w400-h300/DSC02002.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></div><br />The eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado are usually driven-through by visitors, but they are pictureque and as interesting as the mountains west of them.<br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiphVA7r8uzJDbfyR27Z6yoiYQdb_CRhL_1x7IZfr2g3JrcrDKYY6u6G-D8vTeBNuDWNDBWSS6N2-Gfzvsolihe9sG1qYBzyRgJdt_rHHEtbSETCD3A8TgwtLyTu9LpEiF5g2jQhlvhhOdp2r86KiObdAkB1HnzCYvW4T5fRHlnhU87Y5DguF0GlRtGkKY/s4896/DSC02021.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiphVA7r8uzJDbfyR27Z6yoiYQdb_CRhL_1x7IZfr2g3JrcrDKYY6u6G-D8vTeBNuDWNDBWSS6N2-Gfzvsolihe9sG1qYBzyRgJdt_rHHEtbSETCD3A8TgwtLyTu9LpEiF5g2jQhlvhhOdp2r86KiObdAkB1HnzCYvW4T5fRHlnhU87Y5DguF0GlRtGkKY/w400-h300/DSC02021.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The shrub in the foreground above is mountain mahogany (<i>Cercocarpus</i>), an intriguing native<br />For example, its a nitrogen-fixing plant in the rose family (Rosaceae)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnjv2u0TMDUbpveURET-79PkSZxBMEUvY23RgMrOZb_6Zcep-mNlUrZrq_AWrfKxy2bA8iFhtqvexasOJKb4LmlpDYcxEthF1gciZB6OJNV5HWCOIzOLfPI9wgGSq4xjOrvAkPJMQf9bfmwWewd5MBWV2nxD0asNpHDn5ejYmHKqOBpcYT8cUib-_sLcw/s4896/DSC02116.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnjv2u0TMDUbpveURET-79PkSZxBMEUvY23RgMrOZb_6Zcep-mNlUrZrq_AWrfKxy2bA8iFhtqvexasOJKb4LmlpDYcxEthF1gciZB6OJNV5HWCOIzOLfPI9wgGSq4xjOrvAkPJMQf9bfmwWewd5MBWV2nxD0asNpHDn5ejYmHKqOBpcYT8cUib-_sLcw/w400-h300/DSC02116.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNdGp3fuGcJu8rOTMwo7U0j-oVUad8Km5CJ8BK6RBWCajYFrLD8_FmlrYQ6wsdk-RgldxAmUdBBNEWCrzFUA0sYBynXefme1rx9PeaBuLnACspQr90HanxIUyY8_wY1c7Bli_Fkkh4HKiV0E7lTNUsBKGlQC8Wz7OWhqUqlHawV1ScOyry3RV8q3FSBqU/s4896/DSC02025.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNdGp3fuGcJu8rOTMwo7U0j-oVUad8Km5CJ8BK6RBWCajYFrLD8_FmlrYQ6wsdk-RgldxAmUdBBNEWCrzFUA0sYBynXefme1rx9PeaBuLnACspQr90HanxIUyY8_wY1c7Bli_Fkkh4HKiV0E7lTNUsBKGlQC8Wz7OWhqUqlHawV1ScOyry3RV8q3FSBqU/w400-h300/DSC02025.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The plants with white leaves in the foreground are Louisiana sagewort, often called white sage in Colorado (<i>Artemisia ludoviciana</i>). Louisiana refers to the Louisiana purchase; this plant is found all over the west but not in the eastern U.S. It clones, the plants likely came from a single seed, long ago.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5lhFmrAnhmVERibFX2xwiCubOpGpFWkPaqG0Q516WQ0FPzlcwWja9NWZpm6tAkrGCgTPKz18gvzw7Xlu0NSlFzpwvPZcXfudeeJnUEU0d_1TNSXnsEVbnIQ4Iq24Bkjx0766ukAY1K3CAPJ8mydrYFYP6r6d6C_HFmoR6Go0-eDnyjJv_4b0Q092umQ/s4896/DSC02120.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5lhFmrAnhmVERibFX2xwiCubOpGpFWkPaqG0Q516WQ0FPzlcwWja9NWZpm6tAkrGCgTPKz18gvzw7Xlu0NSlFzpwvPZcXfudeeJnUEU0d_1TNSXnsEVbnIQ4Iq24Bkjx0766ukAY1K3CAPJ8mydrYFYP6r6d6C_HFmoR6Go0-eDnyjJv_4b0Q092umQ/w400-h300/DSC02120.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2El9CiED-MuW9uOcYvL5GbYurrPVURfWapBKVaiJVWtoYb9sHy4kD-HKhkO-LHtRkt5YOpyLFYYMg8QkcZ6J5WDcEQtGZ7dI_ZYSxDh9SYiE3IF4uvdH3AKAkzA-Q5G27Ynsf5BapCvXg9LYPHkP9spN-AKg9QMBwrLvsOXimtX2wCRh2-ymTgTFqRNM/s4000/IMG_2917.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT_a3jM0y6KR8AXADcqyHtlXhhabhwNSd2NR7IWoP4jcJ5EpSG1AT_bOAjdwxzf2Hlkq576ZUtNGDcepELZcQ2YS7U5QWXbsoCCqGxy9P29NJKukmvEkaTNMBl_lDPB3iaMeiS6-NXwPpUUau6SqV8hMeZ5erG_dBftn0gV8LcGFV3WeXEQNrcwoo_er0/s4896/DSC02140.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT_a3jM0y6KR8AXADcqyHtlXhhabhwNSd2NR7IWoP4jcJ5EpSG1AT_bOAjdwxzf2Hlkq576ZUtNGDcepELZcQ2YS7U5QWXbsoCCqGxy9P29NJKukmvEkaTNMBl_lDPB3iaMeiS6-NXwPpUUau6SqV8hMeZ5erG_dBftn0gV8LcGFV3WeXEQNrcwoo_er0/w300-h400/DSC02140.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="300" /></a></div></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFyiIC5zdrEk4lC-OKVEkkeXT08c382MT0LBtnNWxyaFmOziHCQcYGd0qDWfQjLASfyzti3qXiCG1BUZwSkg_tmHD4rAaPbWAd4AQJ-yVZYGiV6n8XiKKHwChOQJjzx9sDO3PemaQFp-qAW_yYuz_ntPHo7rXoBwIaQbysr1brfIXxC5-NVx2GNQbKdTI/s4000/IMG_2981%202.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFyiIC5zdrEk4lC-OKVEkkeXT08c382MT0LBtnNWxyaFmOziHCQcYGd0qDWfQjLASfyzti3qXiCG1BUZwSkg_tmHD4rAaPbWAd4AQJ-yVZYGiV6n8XiKKHwChOQJjzx9sDO3PemaQFp-qAW_yYuz_ntPHo7rXoBwIaQbysr1brfIXxC5-NVx2GNQbKdTI/w400-h300/IMG_2981%202.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Below, the stiff-leaved plant in the foreground is s<span style="text-align: center;">mall soapweed, <i>Yucca glauca</i>. If you've hiked the Front Range you know you walk around those sharp leaves, not through them. I was on a well-maintained trail and could keep my distance.</span></div><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2El9CiED-MuW9uOcYvL5GbYurrPVURfWapBKVaiJVWtoYb9sHy4kD-HKhkO-LHtRkt5YOpyLFYYMg8QkcZ6J5WDcEQtGZ7dI_ZYSxDh9SYiE3IF4uvdH3AKAkzA-Q5G27Ynsf5BapCvXg9LYPHkP9spN-AKg9QMBwrLvsOXimtX2wCRh2-ymTgTFqRNM/s4000/IMG_2917.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2El9CiED-MuW9uOcYvL5GbYurrPVURfWapBKVaiJVWtoYb9sHy4kD-HKhkO-LHtRkt5YOpyLFYYMg8QkcZ6J5WDcEQtGZ7dI_ZYSxDh9SYiE3IF4uvdH3AKAkzA-Q5G27Ynsf5BapCvXg9LYPHkP9spN-AKg9QMBwrLvsOXimtX2wCRh2-ymTgTFqRNM/w400-h300/IMG_2917.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvc3a3YdP3hjqLgft1RHuAmlH-gir0ee1A6HfOeWNRJ_fep7vjqpcTCPteO2ZSLOCRMPWzrGm5fA-AHkZ17SQM9eRnI7eE0GwfE4rrwKKLbEgMkLb28M7fE8vkuTQw-EMcw5-ZCMk0lkmmOc97X7EGKT6lC0UFbfqWJ1r_cLXWYWAQs6YxYaBHdvRqOqU/s4000/IMG_3044.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvc3a3YdP3hjqLgft1RHuAmlH-gir0ee1A6HfOeWNRJ_fep7vjqpcTCPteO2ZSLOCRMPWzrGm5fA-AHkZ17SQM9eRnI7eE0GwfE4rrwKKLbEgMkLb28M7fE8vkuTQw-EMcw5-ZCMk0lkmmOc97X7EGKT6lC0UFbfqWJ1r_cLXWYWAQs6YxYaBHdvRqOqU/w400-h300/IMG_3044.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">A different group of plants can be found in the moister, shaded gullies (the two photos below), but are not identifiable in the photos.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWGz7A-7yXIxAMGBkQf62Rg_sPjB2_81CELOSjBifu7_NxDb_v0fh1GV1NulhthXVg7Avd0J7QRUywlmcjcx1VcucurUY73l1vgHHBGGX3S65frBdGiQ-xTVN3_uFJMRB1TcWNSMexkR83Wgr7_KhUw68qKgC9uosBysB29HWVu4fU83btPIm-UAaq9z0/s4000/IMG_3046.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWGz7A-7yXIxAMGBkQf62Rg_sPjB2_81CELOSjBifu7_NxDb_v0fh1GV1NulhthXVg7Avd0J7QRUywlmcjcx1VcucurUY73l1vgHHBGGX3S65frBdGiQ-xTVN3_uFJMRB1TcWNSMexkR83Wgr7_KhUw68qKgC9uosBysB29HWVu4fU83btPIm-UAaq9z0/w300-h400/IMG_3046.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUAmuNL45zsmK4fo0-bcm6wQmf-4DLFy-uR243kbdrwOULBX8Oyeh3TyNGBnpMqiZBOz7DhxDRYmZGY8whYDFnS7WWDxT3BzPSmMIerE5WBCaf7HVfIISy6XLmbLbicqLhYx_kgqskqfhWZiolj4kCy2StnLaV7_emWCHqGOsUgjQzWWIq3VuO8n8QPrI/s4000/IMG_3050.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUAmuNL45zsmK4fo0-bcm6wQmf-4DLFy-uR243kbdrwOULBX8Oyeh3TyNGBnpMqiZBOz7DhxDRYmZGY8whYDFnS7WWDxT3BzPSmMIerE5WBCaf7HVfIISy6XLmbLbicqLhYx_kgqskqfhWZiolj4kCy2StnLaV7_emWCHqGOsUgjQzWWIq3VuO8n8QPrI/w400-h300/IMG_3050.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Below, looking up as the trail descends toward the creek.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWBqevYRo0DEisv-t7O-CW9J16K_V4EaBhhvJiRmydvc0kTUiu5o0h8-b2TJtdiIeB2-k1uWmGG3SaMhUtFODG-YFB2-0qItUm7XPiiGEZ3t991GvrzmOMp1hSFBgtiM1rskNFqke066wA-i8uzsZ3VbdHoeLn20iG5WCiemd-MmyApIh-4lEfGYXalt4/s4000/IMG_3055.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWBqevYRo0DEisv-t7O-CW9J16K_V4EaBhhvJiRmydvc0kTUiu5o0h8-b2TJtdiIeB2-k1uWmGG3SaMhUtFODG-YFB2-0qItUm7XPiiGEZ3t991GvrzmOMp1hSFBgtiM1rskNFqke066wA-i8uzsZ3VbdHoeLn20iG5WCiemd-MmyApIh-4lEfGYXalt4/w300-h400/IMG_3055.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">And one last vista:</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhz7UTGlTpwPaJ-HLhCx5lsbdr5Rm88bGKCgOr_IZ48A9dXyoygAfhVy1RelBsSlXpVxAHBJyZDrrcV8ziVQhY9hp6mkSengzb9P2sdBhcRkN6hpNjZPCalubSgR8eFtUQ6vR2hQEc5xKUdQQ5ikV38eC5DpLSuRWnaH_9EwwYqqzhtaspfCyf439z630/s4000/IMG_3045.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhz7UTGlTpwPaJ-HLhCx5lsbdr5Rm88bGKCgOr_IZ48A9dXyoygAfhVy1RelBsSlXpVxAHBJyZDrrcV8ziVQhY9hp6mkSengzb9P2sdBhcRkN6hpNjZPCalubSgR8eFtUQ6vR2hQEc5xKUdQQ5ikV38eC5DpLSuRWnaH_9EwwYqqzhtaspfCyf439z630/w400-h300/IMG_3045.JPG" title="Horsetooth Mountain Park, Fort Collins, Colorado" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Nice place to look for wildflowers, eh?</div><div><br /></div><div>And the trails go on and on.</div><div><br /></div><div>Comments and corrections welcome.</div><div><br /></div><div>Blogs with the plants you'd see if you looked down early in the spring: Horsetooth Mountain Park in Spring Snow <a href="https://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2016/05/visiting-northern-colorado-horsetooth.html" target="_blank">link</a> </div><div>Horsetooth Mountain Park in Spring Sunshine <a href="https://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2016/05/visiting-northern-colorado-horsetooth_15.html" target="_blank">link</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Yes, my photos are from several different days and are not entirely in order along the trail.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-13842404678562010452023-12-03T15:00:00.000-08:002023-12-04T09:19:00.598-08:00Plant Story--Distinctive Apache Plume, Fallugia paradoxa<p>Apache plume (<i>Fallugia paradoxa</i>, rose family, Rosaceae) is a native shrub of the southwest, found from Colorado and Texas west to California and Arizona and in neighboring areas of Mexico. It is a pretty shrub with white flowers and distinctive clusters of long-lasting cream or pinkish fruit resembling plumes. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiutlv26otLHlEspq21AjbTdgSX-VgnD8CLW90i7ENY1FfPF1EV-0nPEkHqlX-YfrnFJWfkE1KXYhOTKq8Y2X9SDdK-yCedOdqLFIcgXULmO2bTh-2zJH_WfR1gPsLnVtLFklaiLTYrzTQpraExZl80GaHbQXEx-V_Z-3R7p-wHABBwjZG91DAPcyZj4wU/s4032/IMG_0400.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Apache plume, Fallugia paradoxa" border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiutlv26otLHlEspq21AjbTdgSX-VgnD8CLW90i7ENY1FfPF1EV-0nPEkHqlX-YfrnFJWfkE1KXYhOTKq8Y2X9SDdK-yCedOdqLFIcgXULmO2bTh-2zJH_WfR1gPsLnVtLFklaiLTYrzTQpraExZl80GaHbQXEx-V_Z-3R7p-wHABBwjZG91DAPcyZj4wU/w300-h400/IMG_0400.JPG" title="Apache plume, Fallugia paradoxa" width="300" /></a><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption">Apache plume, <i>Fallugia paradoxa</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span><a name='more'></a></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>The plant is unusual enough that there is only Apache plume in the genus<i> Fallugia</i>, no other species. The species epithet, <i>paradoxa</i>, meaning unusual or paradoxical, reinforces the idea that it is puzzling. It was named to honor botanist, monk, and abbot Virgilio Fallugi (1627-1707) of Valumbrosa in Italy near Florence. (See bio. on California Plant Names page, link in references).<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9DeWgqknLKoeOu9UYb8XVRE3Q3oqfPorY9tcSFJOukH8YOyiAh2RInSxw-KI5QsQWEcNunCocHUUIWvSb8IWqaQc7xSKvc3X8b8rIvHFouDw_SjcL7GsJu93Gq3DUElGtGqTdwOQ9k-wiEF_WoDXlOz6Vr0giB15x0bTFQX-gZm-dTDfzVCCSeGrscbI/s4000/IMG_7970.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="green bee and Apache plume" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9DeWgqknLKoeOu9UYb8XVRE3Q3oqfPorY9tcSFJOukH8YOyiAh2RInSxw-KI5QsQWEcNunCocHUUIWvSb8IWqaQc7xSKvc3X8b8rIvHFouDw_SjcL7GsJu93Gq3DUElGtGqTdwOQ9k-wiEF_WoDXlOz6Vr0giB15x0bTFQX-gZm-dTDfzVCCSeGrscbI/w400-h300/IMG_7970.JPG" title="green bee and Apache plume" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">green bee in Apache plume flower</td></tr></tbody></table><br /> In the wild, Apache plume is often a small plant but under cultivation it can grow 6' tall and almost that wide, making a substantial shrub.</div></div><p>It is called Apache plume because the fruits, single-seeded fruits called achenes, are elongate and feathery. Some sources say because they resemble Apache headdresses. Of the online photos reputed to be Apaches, a few have headdresses reminescent of Apache plume's achenes, but other photos show full warbonnets which I don't think look like Apache plume, or Apaches in bandanas. Apache plume certainly grows across Apache lands... and a lot of other tribes' lands. I can't tell if the name is fanciful or not. Other common names are ponil, <i>yerba del pasmo,</i> and <i>barba de chivo</i>.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHNewaY9Zo6_DET4kerEFARtm59fK0gHsClS7RSRUwD3wQG0tmkxMaKg4OSkcxChZZPRbSWGy11UQLZhhTmCWOFD28PF3SJ0buIjye8H0bz1AXxF_jXZGVpZy_GUFf2jwBOEviXB5mDJ84JOL2BiFq8Iowe3iz1Q-S85a5pyYzzJmFgxADZeqd1m72DU/s2257/IMG_1446.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Apache plume, Fallugia paradoxa" border="0" data-original-height="2031" data-original-width="2257" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHNewaY9Zo6_DET4kerEFARtm59fK0gHsClS7RSRUwD3wQG0tmkxMaKg4OSkcxChZZPRbSWGy11UQLZhhTmCWOFD28PF3SJ0buIjye8H0bz1AXxF_jXZGVpZy_GUFf2jwBOEviXB5mDJ84JOL2BiFq8Iowe3iz1Q-S85a5pyYzzJmFgxADZeqd1m72DU/w400-h360/IMG_1446.JPG" title="Apache plume, Fallugia paradoxa" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Apache plume seed heads<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Apache plume is common from desert scrub to woodlands, from 2,000' in elevation to almost 10,000'. The plants vary, for example having rhizomes (horizontal underground stems) in some areas and not in others. The shape of bracts below the flowers and sepal tips vary a lot. Some plants have all staminate (male) flowers, some all pistillate (female) flowers and in some the flower on the tip is perfect (both male and female) but the rest of the flowers on the branch are staminate. (Complicated variation in sex is pretty common in wlld plants, but usually you have to look carefully at a lot of flowers to notice it.) The variation does not cluster in ways that lead botanists to make two or three species from <i>Fallugia paradoxa</i>.<p></p><p></p><p></p><p>Flowers are 2" across, white, flat, open flowers with five petals, very characteristic of rose family plants. They attract lots of bees, from small native bees to bumblebees to honeybees. </p><p>The leaves are divided, short and stubby, to me like small many-fingered gloves. Apache plume is good winter brouse for deer though otherwise not eaten much by livestock or wildlife. The seeds are eaten by birds. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipKKRI2M-Fp8dZFPBGTN0_QnI4hKSGYN1_xf6ZScoPWEEpRuD8KB98SIKY2ssuCbgIvnmNPKssUYQCw4W9GjU5iuSQTo1D2nqabcv9uC-rHwhj6x8NcW-FLyvhf9udSBgVmSscRkLh706erSeSI36Ih-i-bymUihNta_U4q5kT5kiKVcXDFFk_h_lRLmA/s1976/IMG_3494.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Apache plume flower" border="0" data-original-height="1976" data-original-width="1231" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipKKRI2M-Fp8dZFPBGTN0_QnI4hKSGYN1_xf6ZScoPWEEpRuD8KB98SIKY2ssuCbgIvnmNPKssUYQCw4W9GjU5iuSQTo1D2nqabcv9uC-rHwhj6x8NcW-FLyvhf9udSBgVmSscRkLh706erSeSI36Ih-i-bymUihNta_U4q5kT5kiKVcXDFFk_h_lRLmA/w249-h400/IMG_3494.JPG" title="Fallugia paradoxa flower" width="249" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>A western dryland shrub, Apache plume provides cover for small mammals from hares to chipmunks and ground-nesting birds. <p></p><p>It is tolerant of hot dry conditions. You can find it thriving where it was planted north and east of its traditional rang. It will likely be resilient to climate change. It survives brief severely cold temperatures as well. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc1oNcZuDMBFWc-OVkxtML8QsALWZFHMsZZ-VPJP966aFuwNxVJ47jhdiI4IodZDsnhFXQpoEMzpFsYk7L2JLJKVmwck5Ns6LOEqI1F65mGh8WZwGdAtkGPVVAe6bBCPYilOnUmdhL2UyzhORMyexwdXjpUx-cUbpB7vETjWnljYPKnf-vQtiX0kjEpVA/s2188/IMG_3496.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Apache plume, Fallugia paradoxa" border="0" data-original-height="2188" data-original-width="1918" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc1oNcZuDMBFWc-OVkxtML8QsALWZFHMsZZ-VPJP966aFuwNxVJ47jhdiI4IodZDsnhFXQpoEMzpFsYk7L2JLJKVmwck5Ns6LOEqI1F65mGh8WZwGdAtkGPVVAe6bBCPYilOnUmdhL2UyzhORMyexwdXjpUx-cUbpB7vETjWnljYPKnf-vQtiX0kjEpVA/w351-h400/IMG_3496.JPG" title="Apache plume, Fallugia paradoxa" width="351" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Apache plume seed heads, these not very pinkish</td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />The Ramah Navajo used Apache plume as a ceremonial ememtic. The Tewa made an infusion of leaves for a shampoo to encourage hair growth. The wood was used by a number of tribes in the Southwest to strengthen baskets and as handles on items like cradleboards. Straight branches were shaped into arrow shafts. The leafy stems served as brooms.<div><br /></div><div>These Apache plume flowers must have tasty nectar: this bumblebee worked very hard visiting flowers.</div><div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxJZmXZZvW3QeDtsMjDz07Oj3etvMpC5vHj6_8xB4RJZWR2GUJEJ_4LXWppPOXzGqMWdYneQ1sftj9kYxD85w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div class="treatment-info" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="treatment-discussion" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lora, serif; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Quite a beautiful native shrub.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lora, serif; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Comments and corrections welcome.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lora, serif; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">References</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lora, serif; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Charters, M. J. 2005. California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations. www.calflora.net <a href="http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 11/30/23)</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lora, serif; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Cretti, J. L. 1998. Colorado Gardeners' Guide. Cold Springs Press, Inc. Franklin, Tennessee.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lora, serif; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><i>Fallugia paradoxa</i>. Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) U.S.DA./US Forest Service. <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/falpar/all.html" target="_blank">link </a> (Accessed 12/2/23).</p></div></div><p><span class="treatment-id-commonName" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: #555555;"></span></p><div class="treatment-references" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hendrickson, J. and B.D.Parfitt. 2020. <i>Fallugia paradoxa</i> (D.Don) Endlicher ex Torrey. Flora of North America. <a href="http://floranorthamerica.org/Fallugia_paradoxa" target="_blank">link</a> <span style="font-family: Lora, serif;">(Accessed 11/30/23)</span></div><div class="treatment-references" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Lora, serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="treatment-references" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Lora, serif;">McDonald, C. No date given. Apache plume (<i>Fallugia paradoxa</i>). Forest Service. Department of Agriculture. <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-land/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/fallugia-paradoxa" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 12/2/23)</span></div><div class="treatment-references" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Lora, serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="treatment-references" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Lora, serif;">Moerman, D. E. 1998. ative American Ethnobotany. BRIT Press, Fort Worth, Texas. online version <a href="http://naeb.brit.org" target="_blank">link</a></span></div><div class="treatment-references" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></div><div class="treatment-references" style="box-sizing: border-box;">richj20. 2020. The Life of an Apache Plume. Digital Photography Review. <a href="https://www.dpreview.com/forums/post/64450109" target="_blank">link</a> <span style="font-family: Lora, serif;">(Accessed 11/30/23).</span></div><div class="treatment-references" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Lora, serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="treatment-references" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Lora, serif;"><div style="font-family: -webkit-standard; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-family: -webkit-standard; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div><div><br /></div></span></div></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-25998286511845411262023-11-26T14:30:00.000-08:002023-11-26T14:30:00.151-08:00Native Plants. Part 4. Cultivars<p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Increasingly you see advocates for planting natives adding "do not buy cultivars." </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Cultivar is defined as "a plant variety that has been produced in cultivation by selective breeding." In the context of native plants, we are talking about wild native plants that have been grown and selected for <span style="caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124;">desirable characteristics, perhaps a more intensely pink flower or resistance to mildew.</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124; font-size: 14px;"> </span></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0QoCfBXsnC3FOlTXfOeaAVeRo7MkNfwceffGxDXWAFkn332m-zb9tDFy_5oaUhl3FZJn7rc5ipF1KGRg570zP252yZdj9a_umqRcEvpPpjg8bDBSoN9NWLLXm79NRKYsdmL8iVUaQJciGS6d1DK-fk3EMspeDPAqhcKQW3IoQVscpfyIBZHXVt-zGFsY/s4267/DSC00047.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="red osier dogwood with variegated leaves" border="0" data-original-height="3628" data-original-width="4267" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0QoCfBXsnC3FOlTXfOeaAVeRo7MkNfwceffGxDXWAFkn332m-zb9tDFy_5oaUhl3FZJn7rc5ipF1KGRg570zP252yZdj9a_umqRcEvpPpjg8bDBSoN9NWLLXm79NRKYsdmL8iVUaQJciGS6d1DK-fk3EMspeDPAqhcKQW3IoQVscpfyIBZHXVt-zGFsY/w400-h340/DSC00047.JPG" title="red osier dogwood cultivar" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">dogwood cultivar with variegated leaves<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Breeding changes plants. Of course. A cultivar is not genetically the same as its wild relatives. Offspring are not the same as their parents. The key for using or not using cultivars is whether the changes in the cultivar cause insects that eat leaves or gather pollen and nectar from the wild variety to avoid the cultivar. <p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Do native insects avoid cultivars of their host platns? For most cultivars of most species, nobody knows. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Recognize that this is a radical change of direction, growing plants that you hope that insects will eat. For generations we have protected our cultivated plants from insect feeders. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoSgdA0ZpkQhHoCjJ5MvCulBkHnktq6eR57YerGizzOIVO0jm1lBOGTGW3vMfYiBd_mG60-YrW4an6Da6fICXpMNwUzCrufDQ7ZLDj34MN1FB2vE05R5ra_wp2M50s1WlKrGsMCltoskDy8h9g3TtTIbQ8hUIOJG0OLv51i3PDYAOmfTwcoov3MvfJeMU/s4094/DSC03924.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="goldenrod (Solidago) cultivar and pollinators" border="0" data-original-height="3639" data-original-width="4094" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoSgdA0ZpkQhHoCjJ5MvCulBkHnktq6eR57YerGizzOIVO0jm1lBOGTGW3vMfYiBd_mG60-YrW4an6Da6fICXpMNwUzCrufDQ7ZLDj34MN1FB2vE05R5ra_wp2M50s1WlKrGsMCltoskDy8h9g3TtTIbQ8hUIOJG0OLv51i3PDYAOmfTwcoov3MvfJeMU/w400-h355/DSC03924.JPG" title="goldenrod (Solidago) cultivar and pollinators" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">goldenrod (<i>Solidago</i>) cultivar and pollinators<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I have been searching for publications that address any part of this question. The vast majority are studies of crop plants looking to improve fruit or flower or grain production. Usually they have a crop--a cultivar--that is attacked by insect pests and they find wild relatives that are less susceptible to the pests. So in the vast majority of these publications, cultivars are better insect food than their uncultivated relatives. (Though there is usually no distinction between native and exotic insects.)</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In studies directly addressing the question of whether changes in the cultivar discourage native insects, the answer very much depended on the trait of the cultivar. Baisden et al. (see references below) compared native plant cultivars to the "straight" (unmodified) species, using eastern red cedar (<i>Juniperus virginiana</i>), arrowwood viburnum (<i>Viburnum dentatum</i>), winged sumac (<i>Rhus</i> <i>copallinum</i>), flowering dogwood (<i>Cornus florida</i>), sweetgum (<i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>), redosier dogwood (<i>Cornus sericea</i>), american elm (<i>Ulmus americana</i>), highbush cranberry (<i>Vaccinium</i> <i>corymbosum</i>), winterberry (<i>Ilex verticillata</i>) and red maple(<i>Acer rubrum),</i> for these traits: red/purple colored leaf, variegated leaf, growth habit (dwarfing), disease resistance, fruit size and yield, and enhanced fall color. They compared insect damage to the plants as leaf-area lost, counted all the insects found on the plants, and did a feeding test with a generalist caterpillar (evergreen bagworm, <i>Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis</i>). The only trait that consistently had lower insect feeding was leaf color: the insects avoided red, blue, or purple leaves. Cultivars with variegated leaves were often, but not always, eaten <i>more </i>by insects. The other four traits had either no difference in consumption between straight species and cultivar or the differences were inconsistent in direction and intensity. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVSkg8r7chBzjwNllMLOzhew7NPqfipbb-jPboPP2qY6i6MWMGjOSu-KbIBggX8rsfYZmeinZmo5xowobeO6Ufoq4y8wDV_uUF1J-CbqEmZIj0lrEn9SX2fBWpT4f_F0DUpQvpXrdyuSYWVmgqKob2pzohLvHDqICywdJgV4F0w0VBvVrV7carYKf8oWE/s4000/IMG_9266.JPG" style="font-family: -webkit-standard; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="very purple leaves" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVSkg8r7chBzjwNllMLOzhew7NPqfipbb-jPboPP2qY6i6MWMGjOSu-KbIBggX8rsfYZmeinZmo5xowobeO6Ufoq4y8wDV_uUF1J-CbqEmZIj0lrEn9SX2fBWpT4f_F0DUpQvpXrdyuSYWVmgqKob2pzohLvHDqICywdJgV4F0w0VBvVrV7carYKf8oWE/w400-h300/IMG_9266.JPG" title="purple leaves" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">very purple leaves<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Polythress (see refs) compared plants of wild collected bluestar (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman,Italic";"><i>Amsonia tabernaemontana)</i>, coreopsis (<i>Coreopsis grandiflora)</i>, bee balm (<i>Monarda fistulosa)</i>, narrow-leaved sundrops (<i>Oenothera fruticosa)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and little bluestem (</span><i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Italic;">Schizachyrium scoparium)</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 14.666667px;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: Times;">with their cultivars. Plants behaved differently: wild coreopsis had more hemiterans (insects in the Hemiptera, true bugs, such as aphids, leaf hoppers and shield bugs) while the sundrops cultivar had more. Discussing this difference, he noted that the coreopsis cultivar was quite different from the wild form (in standing more rigidly, forming clumps, and having variegated leaves). The sundrops cultivar seemed very similar to the straight plant. In both cases, though, the cultivars set no seed (were sterile), which would discourage any true bugs that feed on seeds. In another experiment, cultivars of sundrops and little bluestem both had more hemipterans than the straight species. Bee balm was the reverse, with more insects on the straight species than the cultivars. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs6oHRNMwiFqPKSJzNo6fIgc8mu2Fqozy6QEnWmJTExA9GjFre7ITP-je8IzRdTP3ypi1vETNo-n5Frt32d8v9psFKReVS-oeMRqYElUSRBfNEVXBq2-erRkM67GiX-_uUj7CkBzV2R9-s4M0wpTQ3kKK8CQnETPgOjpawRfT61oz3BuW_aGa5UETbp2o/s2602/IMG_7965.JPG" style="font-family: -webkit-standard; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="coreopsis flower" border="0" data-original-height="2602" data-original-width="2125" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs6oHRNMwiFqPKSJzNo6fIgc8mu2Fqozy6QEnWmJTExA9GjFre7ITP-je8IzRdTP3ypi1vETNo-n5Frt32d8v9psFKReVS-oeMRqYElUSRBfNEVXBq2-erRkM67GiX-_uUj7CkBzV2R9-s4M0wpTQ3kKK8CQnETPgOjpawRfT61oz3BuW_aGa5UETbp2o/w326-h400/IMG_7965.JPG" title="coreopsis flower and bee-fly" width="326" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coreopsis flower with bee-fly feeding. <br />(No coreopsis leaves visible. I don't know how modified this commercially-purchased coreopsis is.)</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times;"></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">People are also urging that we grow native wildflowers to provide food for pollinators. Pollinators--bees, butterflies, moths, flies, beetles, hummingbirds--forage for food on flowers. Some gather nectar (sugar water), some collect protein-rich pollen. Plants whose seeds are produced because pollinators carry pollen between flowers have evolved floral structures that facilitate that. They advertise for pollinators with colors that attract the attention of bees or butterflies. They provide landing platforms for bees to light on, and have nectar guides (bright spots that indicate where the nectar is, often colored only if you can see ultraviolet light). These are generally not the traits important to plant breeders creating cultivars that will sell well to customers. Many changes in flowers will discourage pollinators. Many changes will have no effect. It will take a number of studies to identify which traits affect pollinator attraction to flowers and which do not. And, different pollinators will react to different changes. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQaJS161BsVA7TS2hd0q4nKBou5SwKwLR70B_KUOZTFyGAgKrJ6kBEgOhDJKR8sIZnoWmoY00FSHX4nvKP2aS-dl1op6jcKkKgJuHpbmm2kN1sy2hNg38ybvgWP-vl1jdmNyRBGexKZ8_KfH8jIhq9e9qhqJL2HaRqAI0TPfo3F-yNEwUNAu4kXw1x4Mc/s2618/IMG_8776.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="rose" border="0" data-original-height="2542" data-original-width="2618" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQaJS161BsVA7TS2hd0q4nKBou5SwKwLR70B_KUOZTFyGAgKrJ6kBEgOhDJKR8sIZnoWmoY00FSHX4nvKP2aS-dl1op6jcKkKgJuHpbmm2kN1sy2hNg38ybvgWP-vl1jdmNyRBGexKZ8_KfH8jIhq9e9qhqJL2HaRqAI0TPfo3F-yNEwUNAu4kXw1x4Mc/w400-h389/IMG_8776.JPG" title="rose" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lovely rose. Where are the pollen and nectar?</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">For the short term, look carefully at the flower, especially in comparison to a straight flower of that species. Is the nectar still visible? Are the stamens holding the pollen still in the same relative position? Has the color changed radically? I suggest that double-petal flowers where the new row of petals cover up the nectaries or displace the stamens are likely to prevent pollinators from feeding or reduce pollination. Drastic changes in flower shape also risk discouraging pollinators. For many wildflowers, natural variation in color ranges from, for example, white to deep red, so a dramatically rust-colored cultivar isn't likely to have any effect. Green or black flowers, very rare in nature, might not be recognized as flowers. Finally, sterile cultivars are likely to fail to support insects (moths and butterflies, beetles) that feed on seeds or developing fruit. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I conclude that some cultivars are not as good hosts to insect feeders or pollinators as their unmodified relatives, but that most changes will not have a detectable effect. Cultivars are readily purchased and many are aesthetically more pleasing to the human eye. Far better to get cultivars than non native species (a lot of publications find exotics are avoided by native insects) or to grow nothing waiting for a truly unmodified native plant. Look critically at the cultivars and avoid red leaves if the plant ordinarily has green leaves that fade to yellow and flowers where everything is concealed by petals. As more studies are completed, more information will be available to understand what changes affect insect uses of cultivars and which do not. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcxGfX09EtqbrnwFOvTu5-JbcePZ-LqvYUusMuwE0WfT3ev4ayEvY2mUoHgIJLKTxqqxe3JfmePUf3TmYmJfSR3lHosdhQWo-1i1B-mj7p6W_3zqvelc0npOJAZEwikCkh4fkbwe3DjtgQgpzIa6JkWkhfyRsyeJ-q4xfUnbIBVdMIpTm2V6eOkNP9fkc/s3338/IMG_7795.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="hawthorn, Crataegus" border="0" data-original-height="2975" data-original-width="3338" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcxGfX09EtqbrnwFOvTu5-JbcePZ-LqvYUusMuwE0WfT3ev4ayEvY2mUoHgIJLKTxqqxe3JfmePUf3TmYmJfSR3lHosdhQWo-1i1B-mj7p6W_3zqvelc0npOJAZEwikCkh4fkbwe3DjtgQgpzIa6JkWkhfyRsyeJ-q4xfUnbIBVdMIpTm2V6eOkNP9fkc/w400-h356/IMG_7795.JPG" title="hawthorn, Crataegus" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">hawthorn (<i>Crataegus</i>) cultivar: thornless<br />Do insect visitors care about thorns? Unknown.</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Comments and corrections welcome.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Postscript: many pollinating insects--bumblebees, hummingbirds, butterflies--are opportunists. Growing lots of flowers is often as good or better than growing a few of the "right" flowers. Predictable food is important so provide numerous flowers from early spring to late fall, even exotics. --Won't that be a beautiful yard?!</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">See previous posts in this series: </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Grow Native Plants. Part 1. Why? <a href="https://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2023/10/grow-native-plants-part-1-why.html" target="_blank">link</a></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Grow Native Plants. Part 2. Finding and Growing Native Plants <a href="https://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2023/10/grow-native-plants-part-2-finding-and.html" target="_blank">link</a></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Grow Native Plants. Part 3. Finding Native Plants to Grow, Continued. <a href="https://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2023/11/grow-native-plants-part-3-finding.html" target="_blank">link</a></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">References</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Baisden, E. C., D. W. Tallamy, D. L. Narango, and E. Boyle. 2018. Do cultivars of native plants support insect herbivores. HortTechnology. 28(5): 596-606. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Poythress III, J. C. 2015. Gardening for wildlife: a comparison of native plant cultivars and wild-propagated plants as food sources for herbivorous insects. Masters Thesis. University of Georgia. <a href="https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/poythress_joseph_c_201508_ms.pdf" target="_blank">online pdf </a></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Salisbury, A., J. Armitage, H. Bostock, J. Perry, M. Tatchett and K. Thompson. 2015 Enhancing gardens as habitats for flower-visiting aerial insects (pollinators): should we plant native or exotic species? Journal of Applied Ecology. 52:1156-1164.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Tallamy, D.W., D. L. Narango and A. B. Mitchell. 2021. Do non-native plants contribute to insect decline? Ecological Entomology. 46: 729-742.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-62861638182498637672023-11-19T14:17:00.000-08:002023-11-19T14:17:59.221-08:00Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu<p>Lyon Arboretum of the University of Hawaii at Manoa provides a look at Honolulu quite different from the beaches. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvxUzWrfHXE57Dt2E4OfWkLkIpZQdPQj1v2P9Zw-POQ1yJzthf1pnhLI75KQ6YPQCB58INzTDAw95VKntAndCFPP61jlkg7HwE3Fyw2cC1oWR7aV3AHGTr2fo-JXhkwRm2D5_uFYCe8VxJZNndYhGTBn2aUA1sPK_gxx0gIvnwQypEJXRgse2WqPBS23w/s4896/DSC04670.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, Hawaii" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvxUzWrfHXE57Dt2E4OfWkLkIpZQdPQj1v2P9Zw-POQ1yJzthf1pnhLI75KQ6YPQCB58INzTDAw95VKntAndCFPP61jlkg7HwE3Fyw2cC1oWR7aV3AHGTr2fo-JXhkwRm2D5_uFYCe8VxJZNndYhGTBn2aUA1sPK_gxx0gIvnwQypEJXRgse2WqPBS23w/w400-h300/DSC04670.JPG" title="Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, Hawaii" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View of Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, Hawaii</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><span><a name='more'></a></span>Each of the Hawaiian Islands is complex, with wet sides and dry sides, seacoasts to thick forests, and on some islands, to high elevation environments. The island with Honolulu, Oahu, is no exception. One easy way to experience that Oahu is not all beaches is at the Lyon Arboretum. A plant collection of the University of Hawaii, the Lyon Arboretum rises from about 450' to 1,850' elevation. The drive from the beach takes you up and up and up, leaving you in the parking lot to walk up some more, and still be near the lowest point of the Arboretum. Above Honolulu are steep, forested hills, some inhabited, some too steep. (Take a close look at a satellite image of Honolulu).<div><br /><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgAqe_L6XwZDWO1kMK9vspNtq3rxVJk3IaVoIclNfpv4P2Yl2yzlg9S2k28lVdo6-FaL_gCm8hp765QauUyNn4N7pQRGq9KikHYsqmfVRI8mfv-9rToZkjlC-5mBBZJ0lFS5ce266hDWmw_DbI7i879vJTXEXD_hdM4NLsKfDL1U0kJDwit5wqBqamr7M/s4422/DSC04675.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Hills of Honolulu" border="0" data-original-height="3441" data-original-width="4422" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgAqe_L6XwZDWO1kMK9vspNtq3rxVJk3IaVoIclNfpv4P2Yl2yzlg9S2k28lVdo6-FaL_gCm8hp765QauUyNn4N7pQRGq9KikHYsqmfVRI8mfv-9rToZkjlC-5mBBZJ0lFS5ce266hDWmw_DbI7i879vJTXEXD_hdM4NLsKfDL1U0kJDwit5wqBqamr7M/w400-h311/DSC04675.JPG" title="Hills of Honolulu" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hills of Honolulu from Lyon Arboretum</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>Lyon Arboretum has a vast collection of rare and common tropical plants. <br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlHeyE8SiQ4dud1ZTaYEND4bkZUQfgGlwy6bSQ8JYWzysABebM21WCU2soO__nfaExBQts5BgWpvKLIlu7YQHGUdrhdgckdOQziQjmOHN3AnCKmjc8YueFOnkAWv-cOnFdN3k5eA84q_khgf_iRecWj0cEKDlUvslRfoBsqa0ZJg6RcOW_TrAN5C6c1to/s4896/DSC04724.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Lyon Arboretum view" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlHeyE8SiQ4dud1ZTaYEND4bkZUQfgGlwy6bSQ8JYWzysABebM21WCU2soO__nfaExBQts5BgWpvKLIlu7YQHGUdrhdgckdOQziQjmOHN3AnCKmjc8YueFOnkAWv-cOnFdN3k5eA84q_khgf_iRecWj0cEKDlUvslRfoBsqa0ZJg6RcOW_TrAN5C6c1to/w300-h400/DSC04724.JPG" title="Lyon Arboretum view" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>There is a collection of Hawaiian natives, for example this plumbago, 'ilie'e, <i>Plumbago zeylandica</i> (Plumbaginaceae). Wouldn't it be a lovely native plant to grow, if you were in Hawaii growing local plants?</div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVTqMkgLi3J-JhhRZSUQG9deB677zklY9iEamDFsBjKm33XopneczJwTeDHaHU1n_kXbWmS5jo0g7L1V6lBGAxuNzva0q7nIlSH9Jv_EWX38fnpFITjt2GVpLRkDP_o-d7J43vn7B6iIq3C975tVk-xSV7jeaisC8zokoO3Lm-Need8JvXpSlhF3DzeTY/s4054/DSC04682.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ilie'e, Plumbago zeylandica" border="0" data-original-height="2990" data-original-width="4054" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVTqMkgLi3J-JhhRZSUQG9deB677zklY9iEamDFsBjKm33XopneczJwTeDHaHU1n_kXbWmS5jo0g7L1V6lBGAxuNzva0q7nIlSH9Jv_EWX38fnpFITjt2GVpLRkDP_o-d7J43vn7B6iIq3C975tVk-xSV7jeaisC8zokoO3Lm-Need8JvXpSlhF3DzeTY/w400-h295/DSC04682.JPG" title="Ilie'e, Plumbago zeylandica" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ilie'e, <i>Plumbago zeylandica</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div> Or this young tree of the iconic Hawaiian 'ohi'a lehua (<i>Metrosideros polymorpha, </i>myrtle family, Myrtaceae)</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_QaR7ZCxUfbQ7ppsWCs9IQXgJo2mB5OhiwlFxw4tZRcyl1ia_9arrFVXAXUpfECGij3nQUExp5cWDIJ6TrGXCftEHS6LGyka09hBqJkP0sCPKkgXkNDWY-CYl0O2VAYv8d59PXdLogbIMciEZK6M9Hw4oW8x-K7ymrmUx7NWPrAm7zm-5h_H6hgeb5ZY/s4896/DSC04690.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="'ohi'a lehua, Metrosideros polymorpha" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_QaR7ZCxUfbQ7ppsWCs9IQXgJo2mB5OhiwlFxw4tZRcyl1ia_9arrFVXAXUpfECGij3nQUExp5cWDIJ6TrGXCftEHS6LGyka09hBqJkP0sCPKkgXkNDWY-CYl0O2VAYv8d59PXdLogbIMciEZK6M9Hw4oW8x-K7ymrmUx7NWPrAm7zm-5h_H6hgeb5ZY/w300-h400/DSC04690.JPG" title="'ohi'a lehua, Metrosideros polymorpha" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'ohi'a lehua, <i>Metrosideros polymorpha</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>My photo doesn't do ohia lehua justice. Here is a branch with flowers, from an April trip. </div><div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkuz6S27uiEGXc3Lle7P-UVXRVBo3h37ho9gABFC1OxmIx02ITAkDTZph6hJMayuH5UgScCkhjaQr4sznd7MeNv_BNXvFr8L_nD0IJvI99oisItdewo_3rH_B0phMr9rkfvsUmwtenPRyObo2ID5O_YM-vgFHq2GeoqUSNcr-z6eHs3JnWB_PgZT7cIVE/s2909/IMG_7895.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="'ohi'a lehua, Metrosideros polymorpha" border="0" data-original-height="2097" data-original-width="2909" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkuz6S27uiEGXc3Lle7P-UVXRVBo3h37ho9gABFC1OxmIx02ITAkDTZph6hJMayuH5UgScCkhjaQr4sznd7MeNv_BNXvFr8L_nD0IJvI99oisItdewo_3rH_B0phMr9rkfvsUmwtenPRyObo2ID5O_YM-vgFHq2GeoqUSNcr-z6eHs3JnWB_PgZT7cIVE/w400-h289/IMG_7895.JPG" title="'ohi'a lehua, Metrosideros polymorpha" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'ohi'a lehua flowers</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Lyon Arboretum has a collection of "canoe plants," the species that Polynesians brought to Hawaii when they colonized it. One was taro, <span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Colocasia esculenta, </i>known in Hawaiian as<span style="font-style: italic;"> kalo</span><span style="color: #202124; font-style: italic;">. </span></span></span></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjQ-HNUitDVbUAYbs2slDfEkp9qnjdIjb6WQHcq0S5S_c8pDPkLLWfrGzBcMvr51fp0UShxOES9Jr-Er4yd2owA5QCGNOio_HfxzlMhZsoPFB-uqWi_vwSvzIms1bFbMQmtibbYZZffgNhxy2cnYTkeJmfHYCSyFf6U8rf9gWlQi3qI32WD8BeOvfJ7qQ/s4896/DSC04703.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="kalo, Colocasia esculenta, taro" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjQ-HNUitDVbUAYbs2slDfEkp9qnjdIjb6WQHcq0S5S_c8pDPkLLWfrGzBcMvr51fp0UShxOES9Jr-Er4yd2owA5QCGNOio_HfxzlMhZsoPFB-uqWi_vwSvzIms1bFbMQmtibbYZZffgNhxy2cnYTkeJmfHYCSyFf6U8rf9gWlQi3qI32WD8BeOvfJ7qQ/w400-h300/DSC04703.JPG" title="kalo, Colocasia esculenta, taro" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>kalo, Colocasia esculenta</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Another canoe plant was the sweet potato, <i>Ipomoea batatas</i>, <i>'ulaa</i>.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPWVj6Ssi4Cs_Bj98ABz725RPzPdP8zwNigaTS2617U2TGvhxD090nIapDfGkn_gSSNnyGhJXyjJ4-JI7RKsidxfj1C_-TZ5Xm5oBoZnIYq7tv6uaxsHmrUvkTkbPgw1BBoMvvgxAFjGf9EsQVKs9028tze8zfupVFqjbkHkFsiZjyBDeKm7gCgKRwadU/s4896/DSC04706.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="'ulaa, Ipomoea batatas, sweet potatoes" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPWVj6Ssi4Cs_Bj98ABz725RPzPdP8zwNigaTS2617U2TGvhxD090nIapDfGkn_gSSNnyGhJXyjJ4-JI7RKsidxfj1C_-TZ5Xm5oBoZnIYq7tv6uaxsHmrUvkTkbPgw1BBoMvvgxAFjGf9EsQVKs9028tze8zfupVFqjbkHkFsiZjyBDeKm7gCgKRwadU/w400-h300/DSC04706.JPG" title="'ulaa, Ipomoea batatas, sweet potatoes" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>'ulaa</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br />There were also collections of non-Hawaiian plants. This stand of handsome bromeliads, for example, was part of a garden featuring all kinds of bromeliads, members of the plant family Bromeliaceae, from Hawaii and all over the world.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIGLuuMUbvhxSiniJQPEmm7oNbXkupYgmwaRcVIxAfVAv8tdnwCWDxr7fFONzMSYtVVP6vWMUGlE6BZQNePhA6y08DNDchHVHq8UgNtWtACTPYMZ4bDVyHKQXv9-1FScTUZOJPp7L2Sr1IT56hiGQpP_COe9yMIgiorhAsZABbFJvEH91z6LSAWhfelj0/s3764/DSC04745.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="bromeliads" border="0" data-original-height="3384" data-original-width="3764" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIGLuuMUbvhxSiniJQPEmm7oNbXkupYgmwaRcVIxAfVAv8tdnwCWDxr7fFONzMSYtVVP6vWMUGlE6BZQNePhA6y08DNDchHVHq8UgNtWtACTPYMZ4bDVyHKQXv9-1FScTUZOJPp7L2Sr1IT56hiGQpP_COe9yMIgiorhAsZABbFJvEH91z6LSAWhfelj0/w400-h360/DSC04745.JPG" title="bromeliads" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>I, however, made little attempt to work through the various collections and make it a study-day. Most plants were well-labeled, so I could have been more scholarly, but the air was warm, the sun bright, and the plants fragrant. I just enjoyed the walk and the views.<br /><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRo2m_UGynE9BPPlChsd4KsUIw5trq9SpRrtP_HufnTceAzrUDzSNnTP2s1VHBDMPsDFDJi5ib5XS5EGFzdTdCttkBwBgOnMuFVvtjJENNrbepnmaK-89KF6fICrF5Xb75MQO7BJNNfmWfy-dpX1u6S0Ap_8uyIVIiXt9neOlkkCGrkUki-oQihMa9Wg/s4896/DSC04718.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lyon Arboretum" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRo2m_UGynE9BPPlChsd4KsUIw5trq9SpRrtP_HufnTceAzrUDzSNnTP2s1VHBDMPsDFDJi5ib5XS5EGFzdTdCttkBwBgOnMuFVvtjJENNrbepnmaK-89KF6fICrF5Xb75MQO7BJNNfmWfy-dpX1u6S0Ap_8uyIVIiXt9neOlkkCGrkUki-oQihMa9Wg/w400-h300/DSC04718.JPG" title="Lyon Arboretum" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLzKkwWe0syCtPvV_42VzlDcbrZbCyE0sfX7vm4vqXBY2qs0HkaxuS8Nk8cciq1XK4JYmlbT3QNlAfrbKYbmgslhWOCC8f-lvZsNiXY_HUGbLIkXFeoFSnzo3EKrC61cfNimNClp-rE0m9rFiXpJwkU-DMlf63I6ONTRkvJkFVhorvkK8IJlIMOz5hefc/s4200/DSC04803.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lyon Arboretum" border="0" data-original-height="4200" data-original-width="3370" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLzKkwWe0syCtPvV_42VzlDcbrZbCyE0sfX7vm4vqXBY2qs0HkaxuS8Nk8cciq1XK4JYmlbT3QNlAfrbKYbmgslhWOCC8f-lvZsNiXY_HUGbLIkXFeoFSnzo3EKrC61cfNimNClp-rE0m9rFiXpJwkU-DMlf63I6ONTRkvJkFVhorvkK8IJlIMOz5hefc/w321-h400/DSC04803.JPG" title="Lyon Arboretum" width="321" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVJhH5WywzjdUJezGMzWlklKvWfqxSK7joe7aqkIA2idNR2AwPOfZahL-DJVMAxVyxHlDCUN3PU3ECih36iSKDD47eOYOrgDxj3OwPW4Tpg9Iuma6hEWqEac9RR9XguzA5RJ1a2o6o5c4T2w1hBLeyIPaz01hJNO7-8ayMrNclVzq6uRqrjkuzGnAYl5w/s4896/DSC04762.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVJhH5WywzjdUJezGMzWlklKvWfqxSK7joe7aqkIA2idNR2AwPOfZahL-DJVMAxVyxHlDCUN3PU3ECih36iSKDD47eOYOrgDxj3OwPW4Tpg9Iuma6hEWqEac9RR9XguzA5RJ1a2o6o5c4T2w1hBLeyIPaz01hJNO7-8ayMrNclVzq6uRqrjkuzGnAYl5w/w300-h400/DSC04762.JPG" title="Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1CL26jOY8NqgotEPD9XM50AdKZ5oFaDICZwzDcHCtApfuvGB_zGcU6n0j2UsX8oApjjFg1acSb_yPaiKUg6mkNBBm5J7Enh7IzNv_fjJIwwWq7tPdGxmtn1BWWrykzucxtj6Q2A90ij8XWCW-3qH6NzQ87M6X0Es5QWVvncHUVrE-rqEemSKiuQ2ddmo/s3712/DSC04778.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu, HI" border="0" data-original-height="3712" data-original-width="3624" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1CL26jOY8NqgotEPD9XM50AdKZ5oFaDICZwzDcHCtApfuvGB_zGcU6n0j2UsX8oApjjFg1acSb_yPaiKUg6mkNBBm5J7Enh7IzNv_fjJIwwWq7tPdGxmtn1BWWrykzucxtj6Q2A90ij8XWCW-3qH6NzQ87M6X0Es5QWVvncHUVrE-rqEemSKiuQ2ddmo/w390-h400/DSC04778.JPG" title="Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu, HI" width="390" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidbzBvVNN8EoT0Gbh1BS8Zt0tS0Or-R74XeqrpWEEY8m1mxaUHL_kSngksSjoNC4pCxOAkMNAXm-w9h-oaVCt7m9ykbvsZiacuDUNiewgxzVvcP8JeCk4cKSV9yOQ6JZBVknm-scTuojuO1ct8co6ZrWRGNNvy6RDKKUq2ThCIkoDSZSnHwaitJD3r0BY/s4896/DSC04754.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu, HI" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidbzBvVNN8EoT0Gbh1BS8Zt0tS0Or-R74XeqrpWEEY8m1mxaUHL_kSngksSjoNC4pCxOAkMNAXm-w9h-oaVCt7m9ykbvsZiacuDUNiewgxzVvcP8JeCk4cKSV9yOQ6JZBVknm-scTuojuO1ct8co6ZrWRGNNvy6RDKKUq2ThCIkoDSZSnHwaitJD3r0BY/w400-h300/DSC04754.JPG" title="Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu, HI" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3XNIFZyzAfyiNl9i6dXhHhahed2duknJ3hMmx8jKntiOomiz6mi5hdLIaZry-01V97Z3chL6CWTZwXyvQtGtMOfJ5jzSjukvMIi1bNuSf-1yt8RogaUTHemTdm8S9uvV-VhNNLt8_8F7YmanPtJg6wW-MCddcDOqkMvxjfYEqF93poEI0X4R4ksse6JQ/s4244/DSC04723.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lyon Arboretum vista" border="0" data-original-height="4244" data-original-width="3566" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3XNIFZyzAfyiNl9i6dXhHhahed2duknJ3hMmx8jKntiOomiz6mi5hdLIaZry-01V97Z3chL6CWTZwXyvQtGtMOfJ5jzSjukvMIi1bNuSf-1yt8RogaUTHemTdm8S9uvV-VhNNLt8_8F7YmanPtJg6wW-MCddcDOqkMvxjfYEqF93poEI0X4R4ksse6JQ/w336-h400/DSC04723.JPG" title="Lyon Arboretum vista" width="336" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Comments and corrections welcome.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Note: In English, foreign words are put in italics. Scientific names of plants are considered to be in Latin, so are italicized. Hawaiian words would be italicized. But what of words from Hawaiian that are used as common names in English, such as ohia lehua? I decided those were English words and didn't italicize them. </div><br /><div>References</div><div> </div><div>About the Lyon Arboretum <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/lyon/about/about-lyon-arboretum/">https://manoa.hawaii.edu/lyon/about/about-lyon-arboretum/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Canoe plants <a href="https://www.canoeplants.com/contents.html">https://www.canoeplants.com/contents.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div><div><br /></div></div><p></p></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-43602493454222262242023-11-12T13:01:00.000-08:002023-11-12T13:01:07.012-08:00Grow Native Plants Part 3. Finding Natives to Grow, Continued<p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p>Bird and insect numbers in North America have dropped drastically in the last 20 years. Expert opinion says that to restore them, we have to rebuild their foods, providing insects for the birds and plants for the butterflies. Because most insects are specialist feeders, that means growing lots of the native plants they require. Planting milkweeds for monarch butterflies is an example of this. The requirement for specific native food plant applies to most native butterflies and moths. <span style="font-family: Times;">This has led to a push for everyone to grow native plants in their yards and gardens, a new experience for many people. Nurseries and seed-sellers are racing to keep up with the demand. </span><span style="font-family: Times;">And people are asking not just for American native plants, but native plants of the place they live, Fort Collins or Toledo or Thomasville. Local groups and national websites will provide lists of what is native in your zip code. Then it gets difficult.</span><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Nz4RFwtUE95J9R_P6Aw7vMsvSfHhCbdqHGCmZE7hVgVY8ZkZqtu7zecOXPxTHXEaqO69jzAA4vq4xJhyphenhyphen7egwm-DxLHhYJ0haYdjiebCK0V_V_arv9lW-roI5sxDQY2Sd8sxiWacbGLJfXfwNlXl-S5-Hwa_5Wrc8EJpSUvOLDD9f880NST5hNq872pc/s4000/IMG_3441.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Colorado columbines Aquilegia coerulea" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Nz4RFwtUE95J9R_P6Aw7vMsvSfHhCbdqHGCmZE7hVgVY8ZkZqtu7zecOXPxTHXEaqO69jzAA4vq4xJhyphenhyphen7egwm-DxLHhYJ0haYdjiebCK0V_V_arv9lW-roI5sxDQY2Sd8sxiWacbGLJfXfwNlXl-S5-Hwa_5Wrc8EJpSUvOLDD9f880NST5hNq872pc/w400-h300/IMG_3441.JPG" title="Colorado columbines Aquilegia coerulea" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Colorado columbines (<i>Aquilegia coerulea</i>) and golden banner (<i>Thermopsis rhombifolia</i>)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span><span><a name='more'></a></span><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">Five or so years ago, only a very occasional person planted natives in their yard. Now there is a widespread call for them. Nurseries that specialize in natives label the plant as native or not, but most places the tag on the plant just gives a common name and whether it needs full sun. Identifying the origin of the plant is a new problem for many people and stores. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">Here are some of the issues that make choosing and buying a local native surprisingly difficult. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">Many native plants have lots of relatives all around the world. People remember familiar names more easily that new ones, so we often call all those plants by the same common name. Rose, for example. Seriously. Native where I live are Wood's rose, <i>Rosa woodsii</i>, the prickly rose, <i>Rosa acicularis, </i>and the prairie rose,<i> Rosa arkansana</i>. The other 297 species in the genus <i>Rosa</i> are not. Some are native to Europe, others to China and Japan. If I walk into the plant store to buy a rose for my yard, odds are I won't get a native rose. When the website tells you roses are native where you live, that just begins the process.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">Will a Chinese rose or a hybrid tea rose feed the same insects as the prairie rose? That is a really good question and I'm searching to see if any useful data has been published. So far it looks like nobody knows. Minimally though, if you spray your roses with pesticides, they won't feed insects or produce caterpillars for birds to eat. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">Other native plants have look-alikes from Eurasia that are much easier to buy than the natives. For me, blue flax is one of those. European blue flax is <i>Linum perenne, </i>also called perennial flax. Lewis's flax, also called blue flax and also perennial, <i>Linum</i> <i>lewisii,</i> is native where I live. The blue flax in the pot at the nursery is usually European blue flax, though the pot may just say "blue flax." And European blue flax has escaped and is a weed across the Colorado Front Range, so it is a familiar "wild" flower. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQYltBt3svgL0fmhEdJ-yGqlt-dCETxif4ZN5-60phuE8qLfOYwQokjST7DLlMMuBprqSchyphenhyphenDFoODh_TuWY7YfZqZIrzgLZfV4bnmcgbeUokWV1PmU-UR3cKN1nwWmehNJ_lF1nl69TlmsnHGfl3wOrLl-bCvheZk0rU8WDRNXznFK0sH9b8_z1jbLfYg/s4423/DSC00074.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="blue flax, Linum perenne" border="0" data-original-height="4423" data-original-width="3430" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQYltBt3svgL0fmhEdJ-yGqlt-dCETxif4ZN5-60phuE8qLfOYwQokjST7DLlMMuBprqSchyphenhyphenDFoODh_TuWY7YfZqZIrzgLZfV4bnmcgbeUokWV1PmU-UR3cKN1nwWmehNJ_lF1nl69TlmsnHGfl3wOrLl-bCvheZk0rU8WDRNXznFK0sH9b8_z1jbLfYg/w310-h400/DSC00074.JPG" title="blue flax, Linum perenne" width="310" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">blue flax, <i>Linum perenne</i></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">Even within North America, most wildflowers had a limited range, maybe as large as the Eastern U.S. or the Rocky Mountains, but not from the Atlantic to the Pacific. So when they say "plant goldenrods" or "grow an oak," there are actually dozens to choose from, only a few of which are native in a particular area. So buying the first goldenrod you see on a seed company website may or may not give you a plant local to your area and, of course, it may or may not grow well where you live. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">Our natives are increasingly rare; we didn't value them and we are given substitutes when we try to plant them. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBWJzZrdPimuVudF9UmJ5Wr-wBGb9PlQ5WEaSXGTch8u0Z1d7jrH50hMsBX_GrzttquevhWJlTUR2dp2LtCkFwitZb9tIeGxQwQa4wSQhnNKYHr1_SmerpeQ0xiquP7k8vp8Gya77M8wCsaX9R2KiAJ-1n0GU9Cxd6jLILyGRMS1pM4WagPuMK65s5MPI/s4000/IMG_3297.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="wild rose, likely Rosa woodsii" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBWJzZrdPimuVudF9UmJ5Wr-wBGb9PlQ5WEaSXGTch8u0Z1d7jrH50hMsBX_GrzttquevhWJlTUR2dp2LtCkFwitZb9tIeGxQwQa4wSQhnNKYHr1_SmerpeQ0xiquP7k8vp8Gya77M8wCsaX9R2KiAJ-1n0GU9Cxd6jLILyGRMS1pM4WagPuMK65s5MPI/w400-h300/IMG_3297.JPG" title="wild rose, likely Rosa woodsii" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">wild rose, likely <i>Rosa woodsii, </i>with fly<br />(birds find flies very tasty)</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Mind you, I am part of the problem. When I go to buy an aster (<i>Symphytotrichium</i>) and the only ones available not the species on my list, it is hard to walk away without a plant. "Ok, I'll try it."</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">The seed companies and plant companies are trying to respond to the sudden demand for natives, but plants take a while to grow and multiply. Some natives are easy for plant companies to grow in gardens or greenhouses and so are easy to buy. These are native somewhere but of course not everywhere. Other plants don't grow fast or multiply rapidly so are in short supply. The store offers me the aster it has; it cannot offer the aster it doesn't have. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">Where I am going with this is: planting natives is going to be a process. Celebrate the one or two local species you find. Add others as they become available. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglo_bM1TFS4rkgIZaq_GINV0OBaEhH5XZpUrsPr1Jo7CaAVzLfHHcRFRtRn732FiVhHA47fGqSDP1WbbvjI5_RSX3TKyINr9bjrozUhp4tn7bE9U1Z6loeRrc5wxM7RffIPyO8CH0itvVYpVLvN3YfDvyRtFkbanT0flB_4ZzA-ctpUpd3cZ08o4rhllU/s4080/DSC04413.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="oak with leaf damage" border="0" data-original-height="4080" data-original-width="3407" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglo_bM1TFS4rkgIZaq_GINV0OBaEhH5XZpUrsPr1Jo7CaAVzLfHHcRFRtRn732FiVhHA47fGqSDP1WbbvjI5_RSX3TKyINr9bjrozUhp4tn7bE9U1Z6loeRrc5wxM7RffIPyO8CH0itvVYpVLvN3YfDvyRtFkbanT0flB_4ZzA-ctpUpd3cZ08o4rhllU/w334-h400/DSC04413.JPG" title="small oak tree" width="334" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The neighborhood squirrels planted this oak tree for me about 10 years ago. From a seedling, it is now taller than I am. It looks good from a distance, close up lots of leaves have holes or small brown spots. It is feeding insects that feed birds, but growing strongly nevertheless. </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">For now, look carefully at your tea roses, Japanese maples, grapes, Florentine iris and other exotic plants that have close relatives in North America. Do insects eat the leaves? Do butterflies land and feed on the flowers or do they circle and move on? While native plant supply catches up, favor the insect-supporting plants you have.</span></div><div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">There are a lot of very familiar plants that have no close American relatives and that have few or no native insects that can feed on them. Those include daffodils, daylilies, lilacs, canna lilies, boxwood, petunias, and many others. They were promoted as having few pest problems--nothing can eat them because they are toxic to our native insects. Hmmm. Shift the balance in your yard to more edible plants. Put up with leaf holes. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">And, look carefully at the exotics you are growing, too. Rue (<i>Ruta graveolens</i>, rue family Rutaceae) is a European plant famous for tasting bitter. And yet, I saw lots of swallowtail caterpillars feeding on it on a trip to Pennsylvania. A few native insects do eat introduced garden plants. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguEzRzO5ziml5OrfRFFAb552pFwWAAOQB-ZHGWYyIpSwpTXqFWGeBt_NwagSY5HN4PRgTwjuyXFaqchldSFNmLTgRTMIeLeoZFgfBg0e5YEuO8YzrIMQishx6KX6isNVHPbRRx2gfJis7Ox9o1QVhKdcsJf6Qgax29_B7l39yS7ykJwD8CCJRoJyB47xI/s4000/IMG_9395.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="swallowtail butterfly caterpillar on rue (Ruta graveolens)" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguEzRzO5ziml5OrfRFFAb552pFwWAAOQB-ZHGWYyIpSwpTXqFWGeBt_NwagSY5HN4PRgTwjuyXFaqchldSFNmLTgRTMIeLeoZFgfBg0e5YEuO8YzrIMQishx6KX6isNVHPbRRx2gfJis7Ox9o1QVhKdcsJf6Qgax29_B7l39yS7ykJwD8CCJRoJyB47xI/w400-h300/IMG_9395.JPG" title="swallowtail butterfly caterpillar on rue (Ruta graveolens)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">swallowtail butterfly caterpillar on rue (<i>Ruta graveolens</i>)<br />Rue has no close American relatives but is feeding this native butterfly's caterpillar</td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">Growing natives is new to most of us. It is going to be a learning process, an adventure. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;">Comments and corrections welcome.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><div style="font-family: -webkit-standard;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><p style="font-family: -webkit-standard;"></p><p style="font-family: -webkit-standard;"> </p></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-75816708237537719022023-11-05T13:07:00.002-08:002023-11-05T13:07:38.985-08:00Plant Story -- Handsome Maltese Cross, Silene chalcedonica<p>Maltese cross is a handsome red garden flower, easy to remember once you have noticed it. I learned it as <i>Lychnis chalcedonica </i>but properly it is <i>Silene chalcedonica</i>, although you can find it called <i>Lychnis</i> in many places still.<br /></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYFobEUGL_hNp4LjO8ICAkLIrawDLz24nazyzlJZPFThN1pQBIY6NuYLIPa6fD5XJiPHJasvQebxoaI2UnHduZKgmTtN4wu5_hdQuYOhM95KoUNKQpk7WCQ1e4slOtQKuOz2ppM4-q5LOBTxIWdZ0xnqsNkO7NDDcRvvUO3EtEj0ZSLSsyZYei0gni0As/s4015/DSC03855.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Maltese cross, Silene chalcedonica" border="0" data-original-height="4015" data-original-width="2552" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYFobEUGL_hNp4LjO8ICAkLIrawDLz24nazyzlJZPFThN1pQBIY6NuYLIPa6fD5XJiPHJasvQebxoaI2UnHduZKgmTtN4wu5_hdQuYOhM95KoUNKQpk7WCQ1e4slOtQKuOz2ppM4-q5LOBTxIWdZ0xnqsNkO7NDDcRvvUO3EtEj0ZSLSsyZYei0gni0As/w254-h400/DSC03855.JPG" title="Maltese cross, Silene chalcedonica" width="254" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maltese cross, <i>Silene chalcedonica</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span>It is called Maltese cross because the shape of a Maltese cross (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_cross" target="_blank">link) </a>IF you are willing to ignore the fact that crosses have four arms and the plant, being a member of the dicotyledonous Pink Family, Caryophyllaceae, has five petals, as in my photographs.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW-jSahP-fzlR39hP_tRFsQLpptiNnxGsObMSHhii7NZn7NSAJWpYqTcyYA4rl8zz6phyphenhypheneZIyxUSeHo0qMwLqBBXCce9T7l0g3ov2rk9Cj2MGXhPajmK63kNLcAFRtG_NmUctxPBSUpyCIk0rrjNv1-1IL7pOwlwbBOCE2mP5gXK5R8cEKO23ZUreCvCM/s3232/DSC03857.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="the flower of Bristol, Silene chalcedonica" border="0" data-original-height="3232" data-original-width="3105" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW-jSahP-fzlR39hP_tRFsQLpptiNnxGsObMSHhii7NZn7NSAJWpYqTcyYA4rl8zz6phyphenhypheneZIyxUSeHo0qMwLqBBXCce9T7l0g3ov2rk9Cj2MGXhPajmK63kNLcAFRtG_NmUctxPBSUpyCIk0rrjNv1-1IL7pOwlwbBOCE2mP5gXK5R8cEKO23ZUreCvCM/w384-h400/DSC03857.JPG" title="Maltese cross, Silene chalcedonica" width="384" /></a></div>This striking flower is native to Eurasia, from central Russia to western China. It was brought to Europe as a cultivated plant in the Middle Ages and carried from there to North America. It has escaped and naturalized across most of the northern United States and southern Canada, but not as far west as Colorado, so while some places in the North America you can encounter it in the wild, I see it only in gardens. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p>Relatively long-lived, two to three feet tall with bright red flowers, resistant to deer and rabbits, it became a British garden favorite and a classic part of cottage garden flowers. It received the British Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1993 an honor recognizing its beauty and that it is is well-behaved under British garden conditions.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">I planted one but in partial shade and with little more than natural Colorado rainfall. It survived but did not thrive. I moved it where it will get more sun and more water and I am hopeful that it will now grow well. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihMEc_lAnNxqcdMFb9FzkTYJeMkRiz19_XbeffLTqThVfHmrY_QOsEXQ5gjzbnJ7rGS6YiAYR2JYKveQJPxyrCh7wSUBSHKJHJ_QfTZr4RlFawWYKyi_0L1DBXnAR-zYSwI4_DE8wldnkHbMf44jFD8-3dBVg_ImeeWBGYbD3Tg-jcsP00z2OJxdEKnb4/s2892/IMG_3909.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Silene chalcedonica scarlet lychnis" border="0" data-original-height="2672" data-original-width="2892" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihMEc_lAnNxqcdMFb9FzkTYJeMkRiz19_XbeffLTqThVfHmrY_QOsEXQ5gjzbnJ7rGS6YiAYR2JYKveQJPxyrCh7wSUBSHKJHJ_QfTZr4RlFawWYKyi_0L1DBXnAR-zYSwI4_DE8wldnkHbMf44jFD8-3dBVg_ImeeWBGYbD3Tg-jcsP00z2OJxdEKnb4/w400-h370/IMG_3909.JPG" title="Maltese cross Silene chalcedonica" width="400" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The genus<i> Silene</i>, into which <i>Lychnis</i> was merged decades ago, has about 900 species, generally called catchflies, but also campions. They are chiefly pink or white with only a few species as intensely red or orange as Maltese cross. The species epithet, <i>chalcedonica </i>means from the city Chalcedon, in modern Turkey.<br /></div><p>Maltese cross has a very long list of common names, Jerusalem cross, scarlet lychnis, scarlet campion, rose campion (which confuses it with another <i>Silene</i>), flower of Bristol, nonesuch, burning love, fireball, flower of Constantinople, gardener's delight, red robin, tears of Christ...the list goes on. </p><p>Flower of Bristol is a widely used common name because the city of Bristol (U.K.) has made the flower their own since at least 1600. Folklore says a crusader brought the flower to Bristol or, alternately, it came from a trading ship from the East. The city's arms have a lot of red, which the flower of Bristol reflects. Furthermore, in the 1600s John Whitson, councilman, mayor, and member of Parliament, having lost his daughters, to him the flowers of Bristol, founded and funded the Red Maids School, a school for girls. Still in existence today, it is the oldest such institution in England. Whitson ordered that the girls would wear red, a rare and expensive color in the early 1600s, and they still do. Stories about the school imply that the flower of Bristol produced a red dye used for the girls' clothes. Flowers very rarely make lasting dyes and I can find no confirmation that Maltese cross flowers produce dyes, so I conclude that Bristol simply fell in love with Maltese cross, making it the flower of Bristol, growing it wherever they could and using it to represent them. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe6Fet_6-gn8anJytYwEfCHpcul3jVCeJ43OYYUYFV6hYDy9Cs-RgmxtGIsrq3SF6xJi2Uh89Qqa6o9AVVCZUCFG1sFBOuu_tIHnM2N-amLdWNiyP7RYebuTqfg8wVNa14cCT8w2HfN3purqUrhXT5YygS_epP0qRsTWMfkyH7GjSb1GWeBo4EquVpIZE/s4000/IMG_3911.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="the flower of Bristol, Silene chalcedonica" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe6Fet_6-gn8anJytYwEfCHpcul3jVCeJ43OYYUYFV6hYDy9Cs-RgmxtGIsrq3SF6xJi2Uh89Qqa6o9AVVCZUCFG1sFBOuu_tIHnM2N-amLdWNiyP7RYebuTqfg8wVNa14cCT8w2HfN3purqUrhXT5YygS_epP0qRsTWMfkyH7GjSb1GWeBo4EquVpIZE/w400-h300/IMG_3911.JPG" title="the flower of Bristol, Silene chalcedonica" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">the flower of Bristol, <i>Silene chalcedonica</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>This same relation to red dyes is the source of nonesuch as a common name of Maltese cross. Nonesuch refers to the deep red color in the Red Maids School uniforms, a color so fine that there was none such as good. Since Maltese cross is that color, it is nonesuch too. Again the implication that Maltese cross was the dye plant. I doubt it, but will test it as soon as possible, next summer, alas.<br /></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhExo5CPXdKEqC5Gz2NOdbnbCgY6pdzQPEZDPnBvksdCuc45uz-efkW97Ra6_cXdbTvoi4L1xcTpDwu43tFaov0YuB2IL7MHTHRB_ZvuJVxsQDEX4SAjWEH0C044PmiZqQXuy8SV3fGMpyuxgsnkZRIIrjajZofnMrBZ6wyVfy5TVz7LdNhuYLUe8Hg2mE/s3198/DSC03995.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="maltese cross, Silene chalcedonica" border="0" data-original-height="3198" data-original-width="3131" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhExo5CPXdKEqC5Gz2NOdbnbCgY6pdzQPEZDPnBvksdCuc45uz-efkW97Ra6_cXdbTvoi4L1xcTpDwu43tFaov0YuB2IL7MHTHRB_ZvuJVxsQDEX4SAjWEH0C044PmiZqQXuy8SV3fGMpyuxgsnkZRIIrjajZofnMrBZ6wyVfy5TVz7LdNhuYLUe8Hg2mE/w391-h400/DSC03995.JPG" title="maltese cross, Silene chalcedonica" width="391" /> </a></td><td style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">maltese cross, <i>Silene chalcedonica</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Maltese cross is protected by saponins, compounds like those in soap which bind to protein, so it is not very palatable--and toxic in large quantities--to humans, deer, and rabbits, but not powerful enough to have been used as a medicinal plant. </p><p>Being intensely red with accessible nectar and pollen, it attracts a wide variety of pollinators.</p><p>Maltese cross, flower of Bristol, call it what you like, its a handsome garden flower. <br /></p><p>Comments and corrections welcome.</p><p>References</p><p>Red Maids School home page <a href="https://www.redmaidshigh.co.uk/" target="_blank">link</a> Accessed 11/3/23. <br /></p><p>UBCC Alumni. The Flower of Bristol<a href="https://ubbcalumni.com/about-1" target="_blank"> link</a> Accessed 11/3/23 <br /></p><p>Plant Lore Maltese cross. <a href="https://www.plant-lore.com/maltese-cross" target="_blank"> link</a> Accessed 11/3/23</p><p><br /></p><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><p></p><p> <br /></p><p><br /></p>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-7670429779182767802023-10-29T15:32:00.001-07:002023-10-29T15:32:14.238-07:00Grow Native Plants Part 2. Finding and Growing Native Plants<p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I wrote last time about the benefits of planting natives in our yards. (<a href="https://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2023/10/grow-native-plants-part-1-why.html" target="_blank">link</a>)</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">With a few notable exceptions, most American yards, ornamental plantings, and crops over the last fifty years have been introduced plants from outside North America. Settlers brought their favorite plants with them. Furthermore, local plants were boringly familiar, exotic plants were much more interesting.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Now we want to change that, add lots of natives to our landscapes. And, natives are no longer boring and familiar because they have been so thoroughly displaced. Tulips and lilacs are familiar, sulphur flower and holly grape are not. </p><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxysqSCPGufwlxrkSXtkj0KRBIvvBTegULJ_biLfWDY5FsaXGCJTlCWGt-1Dbq6YgrM4JmndcE-Pqd1463sBJH6R-HhOMkavntbB8cIJOiCRbMfy4s985kgMxCgeVLmISTqdzbrOJQ1MzH_9N8ltWJaR16-oPdtM2EBuklCePEx6oCvfvupoYpx7L6GXE/s4000/IMG_7183.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="tulips" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxysqSCPGufwlxrkSXtkj0KRBIvvBTegULJ_biLfWDY5FsaXGCJTlCWGt-1Dbq6YgrM4JmndcE-Pqd1463sBJH6R-HhOMkavntbB8cIJOiCRbMfy4s985kgMxCgeVLmISTqdzbrOJQ1MzH_9N8ltWJaR16-oPdtM2EBuklCePEx6oCvfvupoYpx7L6GXE/w318-h238/IMG_7183.JPG" title="tulips, Tulipa" width="318" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">tulips, <i>Tulipa</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5hx527wxUpk9IHj1LQhR74WgUgPpFYtpvc9H8kcSPzEWrqZhf_lvHQdnyt4TwLQVjHNHWqxJH8M85Muk-SbxfJ7bsPC94X9v1P5Cu7Cdfp1_i9j_57bugWXBWpJZTx9lxLurt6GmKOPB818FycRfSC8DqygIxn1m4UUAxxpFqviXS3LASCdga2kO2zB8/s2816/IMG_3325.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="sulphur flower, Eriogonum umbellatum" border="0" data-original-height="2112" data-original-width="2816" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5hx527wxUpk9IHj1LQhR74WgUgPpFYtpvc9H8kcSPzEWrqZhf_lvHQdnyt4TwLQVjHNHWqxJH8M85Muk-SbxfJ7bsPC94X9v1P5Cu7Cdfp1_i9j_57bugWXBWpJZTx9lxLurt6GmKOPB818FycRfSC8DqygIxn1m4UUAxxpFqviXS3LASCdga2kO2zB8/w326-h245/IMG_3325.JPG" title="sulphur flower, a pretty native" width="326" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">sulphur flower, <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>When we want to add natives to our yards, where do we get them? Usually from a garden store. <p></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Yes, of course you can gather seeds or transplant wild natives. For that, you have to live where the plants you want grow. It is another statement about the condition of North America that many people do not live where they have easy access to native plants growing wild. In many cases, any nearby native plants are in protected areas such as parks, where it is illegal to dig them up. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Collecting seeds has long been common, but as people come to outnumber native plants, gathering seeds becomes ethically questionable. Most of our parks are very busy. If everyone took even one seed, there would be none left to maintain the plant population. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimx81jhJpjKNRiuBiRpNEuRZkOUwxSUtrzDy32CDv_9gK_M0_1dXzOgJr7oQVOfTDoIRYYpQmtgzePKDi0kHHqYGSwZAYZVSz7swwvNlVD24pLUTBRr1lxkgGU52CAT2OId6ReVA3fq3CR-Il9JdG8clMW3dYpUoe9eHb0kgELDBW3vexKw7FBTueSkKw/s4000/IMG_9574.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="seeds, showy milkweed, Ascleipias speciosa" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimx81jhJpjKNRiuBiRpNEuRZkOUwxSUtrzDy32CDv_9gK_M0_1dXzOgJr7oQVOfTDoIRYYpQmtgzePKDi0kHHqYGSwZAYZVSz7swwvNlVD24pLUTBRr1lxkgGU52CAT2OId6ReVA3fq3CR-Il9JdG8clMW3dYpUoe9eHb0kgELDBW3vexKw7FBTueSkKw/w300-h400/IMG_9574.JPG" title="seeds, showy milkweed, Ascleipias speciosa" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> seeds of showy milkweed (<i>Ascleipias speciosa</i>)<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="text-align: center;">If I collect these seeds of showy milkweed (</span><i style="text-align: center;">Ascleipias speciosa</i><span style="text-align: center;">) </span><span style="text-align: center;">will the wild population be able maintain itself? </span>I could take only 1/3 of the seeds, but what if the next person and the next and the next all take 1/3?<br /><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Furthermore, humans are not the only users of seeds. Birds, insects, and mammals all rely on seeds. If we gather the seeds we find on our hikes, we reduce the resources for those animals as well as endangering the plant population.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So we turned to seed and plant suppliers.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Having native plants available to buy and plant is harder than it sounds. We can quickly pass a good idea around--plant natives! It takes much longer for seed and plant sellers to produce enough seeds or plants to meet a suddenly spiking demand. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Today you can find all kinds of milkweeds, genus <i>Ascelpias</i>, for sale. Seven years ago when I wrote a blog about where in Colorado to find milkweeds to grow for monarch butterflies, only some local nurseries had them, and at most three species. The plant industry has responded to the demand and all kinds of choices are available today, but it took time for plants to grow and set seeds and their seedlings to produce more seeds. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO6ZPaQCJ0Wf6iemLSI5LyxorgbnYmuV22BLWzInUBnqx6XkK5PDCmqmy19jaZ6tNtzEK9PxM1ZT-EZbQcpDx1aZIhyphenhyphenQj3ISOyoJEVHso_8AsV21WVBnM_W9yfbTV_4uHm0ECiU0WEdKRgrRyUNDOZhjeQW4TYNhZDkV3EWkmYRKvxfg-TCz-jWLTcRUI/s4097/DSC02081.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="a cool milkweed, probably slim leaf milkweed" border="0" data-original-height="2960" data-original-width="4097" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO6ZPaQCJ0Wf6iemLSI5LyxorgbnYmuV22BLWzInUBnqx6XkK5PDCmqmy19jaZ6tNtzEK9PxM1ZT-EZbQcpDx1aZIhyphenhyphenQj3ISOyoJEVHso_8AsV21WVBnM_W9yfbTV_4uHm0ECiU0WEdKRgrRyUNDOZhjeQW4TYNhZDkV3EWkmYRKvxfg-TCz-jWLTcRUI/w400-h289/DSC02081.JPG" title="Asclepias stenophylla" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is slimleaf milkweed, <i>Asclepias stenophylla,</i> and seeds are for sale online. </td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The first problem as everyone was encouraged to grow natives was to figure out what is native in a particular spot. Before that, "wildflower" was a selling point for seed companies and their North American wildflower mixes had plants from all across the continent. But the continent is large and diverse. Most California native wildflowers that were confined to California (and maybe southern Oregon) at settlement, the California poppy (<i>Eschscholzia californica</i>) for example, and were not found elsewhere. Likewise the columbines of the Rocky Mountains are all different species from the columbine (wild columbine or red columbine, <i>Aquilegia canadensis</i>) of the eastern U.S. Currently there are big websites, at National Wildlife Federation (<a href="https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/" target="_blank">link</a>), at the Audubon Society (<a href="https://www.audubon.org/plantsforbirds" target="_blank">link</a>), that will recommend native plants for you based on your zip code.<span style="font-size: x-small;"> (They're still pretty general. "Sagebrush" got me more species of <i>Artemisia </i>than I think lived what is now my zip code, like the two that grow over 10,000', but a whole lot fewer than all the species even in Colorado.)</span></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So, getting an idea of which plants are native is very much easier than a few years ago. I like looking at the <i>Flora of Colorado </i>for my county in the distribution maps, checking for habitat preferences (my yard is not a marshy area) and elevation (if it is found at 10,000-12,000' it probably will not appreciate conditions at 5,000') but zip code based search engines have rapidly gotten better. (And, what a big problem the online sites are dealing with, matching the U.S.'s approximately 13,500 native plants to the U.S.'s 41,704 zip codes.)</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0N5ZCnBDAn2JJNcwJ8Z47mmnY73F3V8SJfWlR2PH2dfV77eNrhhYObtC2o823qrmPp3OG_3D7tjuNyppZGHybaLo56tISc1TBhjwm5PyIhBRSkBAPlvp5B1LIV7GzZ7XKl2FZU-0w0BrvgCDxM1KxTrxVAeIu-sg3zAdsm3ysyM9jTYDlm77EaE1T0UI/s4032/IMG_2770.jpeg" style="font-family: -webkit-standard; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="goldenrods, Solidago, in Colorado" border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0N5ZCnBDAn2JJNcwJ8Z47mmnY73F3V8SJfWlR2PH2dfV77eNrhhYObtC2o823qrmPp3OG_3D7tjuNyppZGHybaLo56tISc1TBhjwm5PyIhBRSkBAPlvp5B1LIV7GzZ7XKl2FZU-0w0BrvgCDxM1KxTrxVAeIu-sg3zAdsm3ysyM9jTYDlm77EaE1T0UI/w400-h300/IMG_2770.jpeg" title="wild goldenrods in Colorado" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> A big wild goldenrod (<i>Solidago</i>) in gravely Colorado soil<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Growing natives successfully runs counter to much of what we were taught about gardening. For natives, whatever water falls from the sky where you live is the right amount. The unamended soil, rocky or clayey or sandy, is the right soil. Seriously. We brought plants from elsewhere and have needed to create the soils and water they require. When we grow natives, well, we don't have to grow them, not if growing means humans working to make plants happy. They grow on their own. Putting them in unamended local soil--the kind that is already in your woodlands or meadows--is the right soil. They may need watering to get started, but once their roots are well-established, they will thrive on natural rainfall. Those conditions will help keep weeds out, because natives are better-adapted to your local conditions than are introduced species, even weeds.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Which is not to say that all the natives you can buy will thrive anywhere in your back yard. Some naturally grew under other plants. Some succeeded by growing on soils too shallow for competitors. And, of course, the soil in my backyard is very much modified from the prairie that was there 100 years ago. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_u-r9VTs5BhWQ5XSCh8UJot4RWRFY19ByQ556CcJrMwvqjJx4Xec6Nm7sVp1YBxY0R4AGAjVqF3V4gaqEoskS-_lIDh4dmRwLVD-Q6fjutRzquK1YbgKGHOMNRWof_RuvKEkRlzrVzhyoerb-mFNkKCpe1xdJhhPYalQzutWrOC_fznnG0CIImK-PF1o/s4000/IMG_5305.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="little cryptantha, Cryptantha minima" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_u-r9VTs5BhWQ5XSCh8UJot4RWRFY19ByQ556CcJrMwvqjJx4Xec6Nm7sVp1YBxY0R4AGAjVqF3V4gaqEoskS-_lIDh4dmRwLVD-Q6fjutRzquK1YbgKGHOMNRWof_RuvKEkRlzrVzhyoerb-mFNkKCpe1xdJhhPYalQzutWrOC_fznnG0CIImK-PF1o/w400-h300/IMG_5305.JPG" title="little cryptantha, Cryptantha minima" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Little cryptantha, <i>Cryptantha minima</i> and interesting grasses<br />on a surface that keeps other plants out<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Growing natives is full of surprises for most of us. Listen to local native plant experts. For example, the soils of the Colorado Front Range were dry, full of stones, and acidic. There was little organic matter. For natives, those are the soils to use, not thick topsoil rich in compost. That is hard for me, after years of making and applying compost. Most places the soil will be more like the western European soils my ancestors farmed on, but question your assumptions about gardening when converting to natives.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdVRvU7Ny3FvjgouD06pwfAXglE80qf-s6pNR8HZJiVaep8q86NCZG1xj_8BgL_qGFHateCSzOBdDkSDeAlwQafGIQll0emAxcQ6JyaPzV-nR_jF4DHBMmUl1HZmFyiv7zMH4ovgcdU9DgNN3e4JKIvgCRsAaf0f7jEB4EsjWDuo9x3GK7z1hTbgWyue8/s3923/DSC02184.JPG" style="font-family: -webkit-standard; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="natives are beautiful" border="0" data-original-height="3357" data-original-width="3923" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdVRvU7Ny3FvjgouD06pwfAXglE80qf-s6pNR8HZJiVaep8q86NCZG1xj_8BgL_qGFHateCSzOBdDkSDeAlwQafGIQll0emAxcQ6JyaPzV-nR_jF4DHBMmUl1HZmFyiv7zMH4ovgcdU9DgNN3e4JKIvgCRsAaf0f7jEB4EsjWDuo9x3GK7z1hTbgWyue8/w400-h343/DSC02184.JPG" title="natives are beautiful" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">natives are beautiful</td></tr></tbody></table><br />The latest critique of our familiar gardening practices goes "do not buy cultivars." A cultivar is a native plant that some plant breeder has modified. Plant breeders have created shorter, taller, or leafier plants, or ones with red flowers when the wild ones were yellow. They have selected for disease resistance. They have created wrinkled petals where the wild ones are flat, or ones with lots of extra petals. The critique warns you that native insects will not like cultivars. That is probably in some cases, however, the story is complex. I will discuss it detail next post. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Comments and corrections welcome. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Reference</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ackerfield, J. 2023. <i>Flora of Colorado</i>. 2nd edit. BRIT Press, Fort Worth, Texas.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxysqSCPGufwlxrkSXtkj0KRBIvvBTegULJ_biLfWDY5FsaXGCJTlCWGt-1Dbq6YgrM4JmndcE-Pqd1463sBJH6R-HhOMkavntbB8cIJOiCRbMfy4s985kgMxCgeVLmISTqdzbrOJQ1MzH_9N8ltWJaR16-oPdtM2EBuklCePEx6oCvfvupoYpx7L6GXE/s4000/IMG_7183.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxysqSCPGufwlxrkSXtkj0KRBIvvBTegULJ_biLfWDY5FsaXGCJTlCWGt-1Dbq6YgrM4JmndcE-Pqd1463sBJH6R-HhOMkavntbB8cIJOiCRbMfy4s985kgMxCgeVLmISTqdzbrOJQ1MzH_9N8ltWJaR16-oPdtM2EBuklCePEx6oCvfvupoYpx7L6GXE/s320/IMG_7183.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-82158090324072472682023-10-22T15:10:00.002-07:002023-10-22T15:10:20.320-07:00Grow Native Plants. Part 1: Why?<p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The conservation community is urging people to grow plants native to their area. At the same time, you can find articles arguing against planting cultivars of native species. It is difficult, buying a native plant, to figure out how to avoid a cultivar. And why should you? This is a big topic. I'll cover it in a series of posts. First, why grow natives at all?</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivWXIXXEP9vSzIuO-630MvhwBhHoCnb7X1lykZ2BbR5rbII7sTqvWEG-ut4N4oqlfhylRf3U5HLITAwsMDW2J6LV8d7goV2oazHqPwYFGPnWU_7oDrf7xzLJ2PD59pUQmvANLdgfIYH_UMZggBkJSClWcQLr47rjtq_qtE1xynp8wYjIEzxHoU6QSqM8U/s2953/IMG_1444.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="beebalm, Monarda and blackeyed Susans Rudbeckia" border="0" data-original-height="2603" data-original-width="2953" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivWXIXXEP9vSzIuO-630MvhwBhHoCnb7X1lykZ2BbR5rbII7sTqvWEG-ut4N4oqlfhylRf3U5HLITAwsMDW2J6LV8d7goV2oazHqPwYFGPnWU_7oDrf7xzLJ2PD59pUQmvANLdgfIYH_UMZggBkJSClWcQLr47rjtq_qtE1xynp8wYjIEzxHoU6QSqM8U/w400-h353/IMG_1444.JPG" title="two natives against the fence" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Natives beebalm, black-eyed susans and a bit of grass</td></tr></tbody></table><span><a name='more'></a></span><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Growing natives is a move to get everyone to participate in conserving the native plants and animals of their particular region of North America (or wherever you live). Europeans came to North America and brought the plants and animals they depended on, from wheat and apples to cows and chickens. They tucked in a few herbs and ornamentals, such as lavender and roses. Many weeds came along, either because they were used as food or medicine (dandelions) or stowed away (cheatgrass). The natives were plowed up to make way. Agricultural land and urban yards filled with plants and animals from Europe. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">You could, and still can, walk down a suburban street and see virtually no native species. Or stroll downtown and see lots of planted trees, shrubs and bright flowers, all from elsewhere. Or drive through the countryside and see fields of crop plants from Eurasia and beside them, European weeds filling the ditches. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkJ_V9R9Dn6IvK4OmD5IDBzSfr1V3URUgtvXDrkWAMDkoQu-l8-Hvaye0vSzI-Cy780KD66AKjwlRjTmPFk9BUWIowoDw-ujfj-KIInRfa9A5omZEmfflLaPExhpCiOc3vwkpOYxaYYRpIETCR_QpXdhzIS2i9W9iOFExzonrTd_DJS1xC4A3zPMm2xFo/s3072/DSCN0653.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="all introduced plants" border="0" data-original-height="2304" data-original-width="3072" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkJ_V9R9Dn6IvK4OmD5IDBzSfr1V3URUgtvXDrkWAMDkoQu-l8-Hvaye0vSzI-Cy780KD66AKjwlRjTmPFk9BUWIowoDw-ujfj-KIInRfa9A5omZEmfflLaPExhpCiOc3vwkpOYxaYYRpIETCR_QpXdhzIS2i9W9iOFExzonrTd_DJS1xC4A3zPMm2xFo/w400-h300/DSCN0653.JPG" title="introduced plants" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Introduced plants, all<br />except the Colorado blue spruce behind the garage<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The problem is that plants and animals have complex co-evolved relationships. The larvae of butterflies and moths of North America have only a few plants they can eat. At one time those plants were common. But they've been replaced by nonnatives. We didn't notice.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">To protect themselves from being eaten, plants evolve defensive chemicals or other protections that keep most insects from eating them. Over millennia, insects respond by evolving mechanisms for avoiding the poisons or spines. Those adaptations cause the insects to specialize on particular plant species. Thus, in its native range, plants have insects that eat them. When you move a plant to another continent, you leave behind its specialists and it now grows in an area where none of the local insects can eat it. That is what we have done, turned North America into miles and miles of Eurasian plants, that our native insects cannot eat. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLqAVNGNzxe3wcNOZqvDAJJsqhJZQZ01GV8IKgxM9a12ye6Khn8dq1dP11OMYDuX6BXyhAEXcV5il1oH433JPLcM2YMi6LIUl_HCkKvHbXQQUMt9ZTMktUq6NJTFE9AoeJA8h-ov9286vSVapEhj8K0UbKDb3-XMhSo4TWjDhP_Wr0esunIShxc6uSO7A/s1639/img003.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="moth larva eating evening primrose" border="0" data-original-height="1639" data-original-width="938" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLqAVNGNzxe3wcNOZqvDAJJsqhJZQZ01GV8IKgxM9a12ye6Khn8dq1dP11OMYDuX6BXyhAEXcV5il1oH433JPLcM2YMi6LIUl_HCkKvHbXQQUMt9ZTMktUq6NJTFE9AoeJA8h-ov9286vSVapEhj8K0UbKDb3-XMhSo4TWjDhP_Wr0esunIShxc6uSO7A/w229-h400/img003.jpg" title="moth larva eating evening primrose" width="229" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Moth larva eating evening primrose (<i>Oenothera</i>),<br />western Nebraska</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Then somebody observed that there aren't as many insects as in the past. Insects are very diverse and numerous, so they are hard to count. But as of 2017, beetles, dragonflies, grasshoppers, and butterflies were documented to have declined in numbers by 45% over 40 years. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Birds, for example chickadees, robins and warblers, require literally thousands of insects to feed their chicks until they are ready to leave the nest. Without half the insects, we can expect only half the birds. Bird numbers are on the average down by 25% in the last 50 years with some species already reduced by half. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Birds need more insects, insects need more plants they can eat. What should we do?</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In the U.S., about 12% of the land is protected and could be expected to support native plants growing native insects, growing birds. Which sound like a lot, except if those are the only places where natives reproduce, insect and bird numbers will be down 88% from presettlement times. That means most people most days will see barely one butterfly or bird if they are not out all day looking.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We are not going to expand protected areas to even 50% of North America. So Doug Tallamy and others propose that everyone pitch in and grow some plants that are native where they live. This will greatly increase the food available for American insects and so for birds. (This has been called Homegrown National Park see <a href="https://homegrownnationalpark.org" target="_blank">link</a>). Planting natives will help other kinds of North American animals because they either eat plants or eat another animal that eats plants, so making more potential food will help them as well.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXXy5vV_X4H3GHP7IrO_XMAlbawuzpLyzYMmFjI98cc6Z94Um0FPae7E-COAzr-7qR4wQ3lbxw7rmuybfG8m_0HRd-lpoepolStKOjX79kQPmJCO3Dl-brvSLr9-BwC5BfyCPpkHvxqAWGm0OaFqJWc0gCaI7zw10t-FqOW3onTsO_9R4xJo8esW0whDY/s2447/IMG_9728.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="skipper butterfly on echinacea" border="0" data-original-height="2392" data-original-width="2447" height="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXXy5vV_X4H3GHP7IrO_XMAlbawuzpLyzYMmFjI98cc6Z94Um0FPae7E-COAzr-7qR4wQ3lbxw7rmuybfG8m_0HRd-lpoepolStKOjX79kQPmJCO3Dl-brvSLr9-BwC5BfyCPpkHvxqAWGm0OaFqJWc0gCaI7zw10t-FqOW3onTsO_9R4xJo8esW0whDY/w400-h391/IMG_9728.JPG" title="skipper butterfly on purple coneflower" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">skipper butterfly on purple coneflower (<i>Echinacea</i>)</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Another reason to grow plants native to your area is because that is their home. They grow there best. We should proudly grow the plants of our region, and show them off. And make our yards and parks distinctly Colorado or clearly Tennessee or impressively Oregon, not all the same. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-style: normal;">The movement to plant milkweeds (</span><i>Asclepias </i>species) to help monarch butterflies (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>) is a good example of "grow natives." Monarch caterpillars eat <i>only</i> milkweeds, a group of plants native to North America. Milkweeds have been treated as undesirable plants and eradicated when fields are planted, roadsides cleared, or neglected lots cleaned up. Monarchs numbers dropped 85% in 20 years (99% on the West Coast). Numbers increased briefly in 2021 but are down again. But planting milkweeds so that more monarch caterpillars grow to be butterflies remains the best solution anyone has yet thought of. It is a continent-sized problem.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQkpWQho9C_v0mkPeGxnjq-MdGEak6joJv_D6hzZ38N6pDqTypK1R01sLHqaMjAVxbtVM44766ABLTaMjvdv2mxUBsDjLulDzZFV11Pzryo6F3G46nCYD8STCTyTeuRU1h0tE4FFAA5zHoDo0L9hXzN_MiD46Q4QeJLns1INlZIr7irXnK_AwRH5xZnMo/s3684/DSC03813.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="monarch on milkweed" border="0" data-original-height="3659" data-original-width="3684" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQkpWQho9C_v0mkPeGxnjq-MdGEak6joJv_D6hzZ38N6pDqTypK1R01sLHqaMjAVxbtVM44766ABLTaMjvdv2mxUBsDjLulDzZFV11Pzryo6F3G46nCYD8STCTyTeuRU1h0tE4FFAA5zHoDo0L9hXzN_MiD46Q4QeJLns1INlZIr7irXnK_AwRH5xZnMo/w400-h398/DSC03813.JPG" title="monarch butterfly on milkweed plant" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">monarch on milkweed</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The above picture is a success story, sort of. I live on the western end of the range of eastern U.S. monarch butterflies, up against the Rocky Mountains. (Monarchs don't go high on the mountains). So I planted our local milkweed, the showy milkweed, <i>Asclepias speciosa</i>, and this summer, the plant's second year, wow! there was a monarch. "<i>If you plant it, they will come.</i>" However<i>, </i>I never saw any eggs or caterpillars. It is necessary to have milkweed plants for monarch reproduction, but it is not enough. The butterflies must lay eggs and the caterpillars must survive. Well, the plant will doubtless grow bigger. Maybe when I have an inviting clump of milkweeds, not just three stalks, I'll discover caterpillars. </p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The monarch-milkweed story repeats over and over for the native butterflies and moths of North America (about 14,300 moths and butterflies that feed on some 17,000 native plants, so probably 17,000 versions of the story). Preserves are not enough, all of us must be part of the solution, and planting native plants is key to feed our native animals.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghHWn3tCKE92N811vBN8TWBoYDPLSG7ngFlsRREkjZPBApuS1qLPvM8NQOi-AoVgDZoxhuZaZV6EvSsayPo0wIa5MZSAkUl3tZfoY-FC89uC6GJDsH63gjqr1NpQ_9NHuJn8bVhYDeNfcxg01F9Scf1XmI8NS6VgApDOth5TiZ4Mvl01BD_rlPCSspR10/s2893/IMG_3503.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="coreopsis, sulfur flower and Louisiana sagewort" border="0" data-original-height="2358" data-original-width="2893" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghHWn3tCKE92N811vBN8TWBoYDPLSG7ngFlsRREkjZPBApuS1qLPvM8NQOi-AoVgDZoxhuZaZV6EvSsayPo0wIa5MZSAkUl3tZfoY-FC89uC6GJDsH63gjqr1NpQ_9NHuJn8bVhYDeNfcxg01F9Scf1XmI8NS6VgApDOth5TiZ4Mvl01BD_rlPCSspR10/w400-h326/IMG_3503.JPG" title="coreopsis, sulfur flower and Louisiana sagewort" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A patch of natives: coreopsis (<i>Coreopsis</i>), sulfur flower <br />(<i>Eriogonum</i>) and Louisiana sagewort (<i>Artemisia ludoviciana</i>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Next post: what to plant and about cultivars of natives<p></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p>Postscript: one native in a pot on the patio will help. That takes immediately takes that space from inhospitable to habitat. <div><br /><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Comments and corrections welcome.</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">References</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Center for Biodiversity. Saving the monarch butterfly. Center for Biodiversity. <a href="https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/invertebrates/monarch_butterfly/#:~:text=Yet%20these%20butterflies%2C%20once%20a,declined%2085%25%20in%20two%20decades." target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 10/21/23)</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Cornell Lab. 2019. Nearly 3 billion birds gone. Cornell Lab. <a href="https://www.birds.cornell.edu/home/bring-birds-back/#" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 10/21/23)</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Oberhauser, K. 2023. Monarch winter 2022-2023 population numbers. Journey North journeynorth.org <a href="https://journeynorth.org/monarchs/resources/article/03212023-monarch-winter-2022-2023-population-numbers-released" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 10/21/23)</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Rosenbaum, M. 2022. More than half of U.S. birds are in decline, warns new report.<i> Audubon</i> Oct. 12, 2022. <a href="https://www.audubon.org/news/more-half-us-birds-are-decline-warns-new-report" target="_blank">link </a> (Accessed 10/21/23)</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Wagner, D. L., E. M. Grames, M.L. Foreister and D. Stopak. 2021. Insect decline in the Anthropocene: death by a thousand cuts. P.N.A.S. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA)) <span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" property="isPartOf" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(11, 11, 11); color: #0b0b0b; font-size: 14px; text-indent: -1.063rem;" typeof="PublicationVolume">118</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="caret-color: rgb(11, 11, 11); color: #0b0b0b; font-size: 14px; text-indent: -1.063rem;"> </span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="caret-color: rgb(11, 11, 11); color: #0b0b0b; font-size: 14px; text-indent: -1.063rem;">(</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" property="isPartOf" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(11, 11, 11); color: #0b0b0b; font-size: 14px; text-indent: -1.063rem;" typeof="PublicationIssue">2</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="caret-color: rgb(11, 11, 11); color: #0b0b0b; font-size: 14px; text-indent: -1.063rem;">)</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="caret-color: rgb(11, 11, 11); color: #0b0b0b; font-size: 14px; text-indent: -1.063rem;"> </span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" property="identifier" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(11, 11, 11); color: #0b0b0b; font-size: 14px; text-indent: -1.063rem;" typeof="Text">e2023989118 </span><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2023989118" target="_blank">link</a> (Accessed 10/21/23)</p><p style="font-family: Times; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div></div><div><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-87716034739699087942023-10-15T12:07:00.001-07:002023-10-15T12:07:36.314-07:00Plant Story--European Pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium<p>Pennyroyal (<i>Mentha pulegium</i>) is a small European mint (mint family Lamiaceae) that was an important medicine for millennia. It was used to treat a number of illnesses but was sufficiently tricky to use that it has been replaced by other medicines and you rarely see it in North America, even in herb gardens.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUBl9limraMH97iSQTkRrUiWSxXiY5jMTdUsX0gVPYm7m-7j_xqUnqR9r3jPHxMk2OqSAahdTbWRFlvCRPn5fgoeajnTkDTpZACloduEFp3jdHDw_B_TyvEm7orE4m1EqjHtrMEaXG4_55Soys8dTzssLUP8p8cAc7MCoCvRqqueHzenJ7RwgJ9UXLMvM/s3684/DSC03962.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="European pennyroyal Mentha pulegium" border="0" data-original-height="3303" data-original-width="3684" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUBl9limraMH97iSQTkRrUiWSxXiY5jMTdUsX0gVPYm7m-7j_xqUnqR9r3jPHxMk2OqSAahdTbWRFlvCRPn5fgoeajnTkDTpZACloduEFp3jdHDw_B_TyvEm7orE4m1EqjHtrMEaXG4_55Soys8dTzssLUP8p8cAc7MCoCvRqqueHzenJ7RwgJ9UXLMvM/w400-h359/DSC03962.JPG" title="European pennyroyal Mentha pulegium" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">European pennyroyal <i>Mentha pulegium</i><br /><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>I grew it because I was curious about it.<span><a name='more'></a></span><div>Pennyroyal is a small plant, growing at most a foot high. My plant struggled for some years but now is moving out, sending runners beyond the assigned bed and seedlings into the path. Having worried about it, I have not yet decided that it is too aggressive, in fact I am thinking of adjusting the flowerbed to give it more room.</div><div><br /></div>In my yard pennyroyal is strictly an ornamental. It has spikes of purple flowers, structured like other mints such as peppermint, and a rich minty smell. Honeybees love it.<div><br /></div><div>A medieval monastery would have grown pennyroyal for its medicinal properties. It was used, as a tea, a poultice or an oil, to treat conditions from headaches to amenorrhea. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsm2PbyNduOdJgI-7U-d5-5Vb-V_WJYVHvW8-1k_ugb9FQlXC6P9Hjsz_Ey30pCaCPNRD6Lt3gC1dg39H-t2yXpXkgzkFWRnvhHfgY04VFswK-108fXy9mEXY8CU9mZKpn5L6mJmbhH-Rfs1Le69Fd5Ssqiu1jQq4crTN_LinqqiUs1QDxCs-Mss5tun4/s3718/DSC03964.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="European pennyroyal" border="0" data-original-height="3718" data-original-width="3148" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsm2PbyNduOdJgI-7U-d5-5Vb-V_WJYVHvW8-1k_ugb9FQlXC6P9Hjsz_Ey30pCaCPNRD6Lt3gC1dg39H-t2yXpXkgzkFWRnvhHfgY04VFswK-108fXy9mEXY8CU9mZKpn5L6mJmbhH-Rfs1Le69Fd5Ssqiu1jQq4crTN_LinqqiUs1QDxCs-Mss5tun4/w339-h400/DSC03964.JPG" title="Mentha pulegium" width="339" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">European pennyroyal flowers</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>The chief compound ("active ingredient") in pennyroyal is a monoterpene called pulegone. It is a powerful drug, long used to repel fleas, treat skin eruptions and rashes, reduce nausea especially in seasickness, stimulate menstruation, and induce abortion. However, pulegone causes kidney damage and, especially, poisons the liver. Medical researchers concluded there was no safe dose of pennyroyal one could ingest without liver damage, so strongly recommend not using it. There are well-documented cases of human deaths from pennyroyal. It is unsafe as a topical remedy as well; a dog treated for fleas with pennyroyal oil died of rapid massive liver damage. So pennyroyal has been shelved as a medicinal herb. <div><p>Related to peppermint, pennyroyal is in genus <i>Mentha;</i> <i>Mentha</i> was the traditional Roman name for mint. It was called <i>puleium regia</i>, royal fleabane for its efficacy repelling fleas, <i>pulex</i> being flea in Latin. <span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span>Pennyroyal is how the English pronounced the Norman French <i>puliol royal. </i>The species epithet <i>pulegium </i>is another version of fleabane, so <i>Mentha pulegium</i> is fleabane mint. <span style="font-size: small;">(Weirdly, </span><i>pulex,</i><span style="font-size: small;"> is also the source for the color word puce, created by the French for a color that reminded them of the liquid when a flea was squished.)</span></p><p>Pennyroyal had common names in England such as run-by-the-ground, lurk-in-the-ditch, and puddinggrass. It has escaped on the Pacific Coast and in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. It is considered invasive in California. It is generally called European pennyroyal or pennyroyal across North America.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9AsrKN4A7A6bw4DJjUSjOJPHcBYLgJgKatojGXhcVwingfrPr2tvWFovf2attyvGnTHjyafEbFkzdC3aDw2py3elYPGLARdLPGq9FeuCzX-UZWvQL0_OP21J20r5PGMpIWsltPB-2xtBkC4mV8kLNIl-f4m-90iRVV51GvIJCvi1UyBhWaE3zTqv7nK4/s3839/DSC03959.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="European pennyroyal Mentha pulegium" border="0" data-original-height="3839" data-original-width="3269" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9AsrKN4A7A6bw4DJjUSjOJPHcBYLgJgKatojGXhcVwingfrPr2tvWFovf2attyvGnTHjyafEbFkzdC3aDw2py3elYPGLARdLPGq9FeuCzX-UZWvQL0_OP21J20r5PGMpIWsltPB-2xtBkC4mV8kLNIl-f4m-90iRVV51GvIJCvi1UyBhWaE3zTqv7nK4/w340-h400/DSC03959.JPG" title="European pennyroyal Mentha pulegium" width="340" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">European pennyroyal <i>Mentha pulegium </i>close up</td></tr></tbody></table><p>There are American species called pennyroyal or false pennyroyal, genus <i>Hedeoma</i>, also in the mint family. When colonists arrived, they looked for pennyroyal and found <i>Hedeoma</i>. Like European pennyroyal, <i>Hedeoma</i> plants contain pulegone; it is as poisonous as European pennyroyal. It was used the same ways, from repelling fleas to settling the stomach to inducing menstruation. <i>Hedeoma pulegioides</i>, American pennyroyal or American false pennyroyal, in particular, from the eastern half of the United States, was widely used in place of European pennyroyal. Native Americans reported using and other species of <i>Hedeoma</i> to make tea, soup, as a spice, as insect repellent, to treat colds, headaches, toothaches, fevers and more, though I hope, very infrequently.</p><p>American false pennyroyal has 17 species scattered across North America; they would be fun to discover in the forest, with delicate purple flowers and fragrant leaves that smell rather like spearmint. (I don't have pictures of <i>Hedeoma </i>species check these: <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&sca_esv=573545776&rls=en&q=genus+hedeoma&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr-5XclfeBAxWeAzQIHSyHAYAQ0pQJegQIDRAB&biw=1507&bih=800&dpr=1" target="_blank">link</a>).</p><p>Traditionally Europeans treated pennyroyal as an herb as well as a medicine, using it for flavoring. In particular there were stuffings for birds, puddings, and sausages with enough pennyroyal to have a very distinctive strong flavor. The pudding grass common name is based on these uses. Mrs. Grieve, writing in 1932 in England, says "it is now in disuse, as its taste and odour is too pronounced." (p. 625). And I would add, toxic.</p><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJuScMw-1ZD4HuulMdJYfoz60UMROu6hkGOJqYoNnyHQLEv85vDerq-gLLKqOMYCf-bFTifS2ynqp-qb7_FkXjein7U0BiPWZ6jkuk7phwLZMNtiRfcp4CD6CNIhXXVwSrkkipTwzQ28n7nngoR8FXI7DMfsbz9BsGA_Xa0qNCrX0VOUmR3MxVhy5sIS0/s4896/DSC03961.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="European pennyroyal Mentha pulegium" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJuScMw-1ZD4HuulMdJYfoz60UMROu6hkGOJqYoNnyHQLEv85vDerq-gLLKqOMYCf-bFTifS2ynqp-qb7_FkXjein7U0BiPWZ6jkuk7phwLZMNtiRfcp4CD6CNIhXXVwSrkkipTwzQ28n7nngoR8FXI7DMfsbz9BsGA_Xa0qNCrX0VOUmR3MxVhy5sIS0/w400-h300/DSC03961.JPG" title="European pennyroyal Mentha pulegium" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pennyroyal expanding beyond the flowerbed<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Europeans had plenty of opportunity to create folklore about European pennyroyal. Placed in a shoe, it was believed to prevent travel fatigue. Also, from in the shoe, it strengthened the body generally. Worn, I presume pinned on a lapel or hat, pennyroyal protected from the evil eye and, while worn, also aided in business deals. If fighting couples consume pennyroyal, they will make peace. In Kate Greenaway's Language of Flowers (1884), she said the meaning of pennyroyal was "flee away."</div><div><div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYcnvtgMzfFUuyVB2QQa7MMUVNfNi9eSgCnnxiHWFbPwS0S4zfP1AZ-lKDt97VEouTxZRCZ-q_at0jpUG95hzI8ZPLykQ_g74DAFNhAuROTNV17Asy07dSD-TMhTTBtuZMzcoLZtkOeK5RI5e2P1dqp0rgMHjuBCb6a7cNuscbemA2bqeio0NbqXurzYA/s3278/DSC03968.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="European pennyroyal Mentha pulegium" border="0" data-original-height="3007" data-original-width="3278" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYcnvtgMzfFUuyVB2QQa7MMUVNfNi9eSgCnnxiHWFbPwS0S4zfP1AZ-lKDt97VEouTxZRCZ-q_at0jpUG95hzI8ZPLykQ_g74DAFNhAuROTNV17Asy07dSD-TMhTTBtuZMzcoLZtkOeK5RI5e2P1dqp0rgMHjuBCb6a7cNuscbemA2bqeio0NbqXurzYA/w400-h368/DSC03968.JPG" title="European pennyroyal Mentha pulegium" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">European pennyroyal <i>Mentha pulegium</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br />In my yard, pennyroyal is an attractive, fragrant ground cover that attracts bees. Since it was once an important medicinal and herbal plant but is currently considered too poisonous to use, I can call it a retired herb, just enjoying the sunshine in my garden. <p>Comments and corrections welcome.</p><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);">References</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);">Cunningham, S. 1984. Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs. Llewellyn Publications. St. Paul, MN. </span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);">Durant, M. 1976. Who Named the Daisy? Who Named the Rose? Congdon and Weed, Inc. New York.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);">Greenaway, K. 1979. Kate Greenaway's Language of Flowers. Originally 1884. Avenel Publishers. New York.</span></p><p><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);">Grieve, M. 1932. A Modern Herbal. Dover Reprint. Dover Publishing, New York.</span></p><p>Kleiner, D. E. 2018 Pennyroyal. Science Direct <a href=" https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/hedeoma " target="_blank">link </a>Accessed 10/14/23.</p><p>Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. 2016. Lamiaceae. 16th ed. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/hedeoma" target="_blank">link</a> Accessed 10/14/23.</p><p>Moerman, D.E. 1998. Native American Ethnobotany.Timber Press. Portland OR. <a href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=hedeoma" target="_blank">link</a></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oxford English Dictionary. 2023.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px;"> ā</span><span class="citation-reference" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pudding grass, n.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px;">ā</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px;"><</span><span class="citation-doi" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2747320055</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px;">></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px;">Vickery, R. 1995. Oxford Dictionary of Plant-Lore. Oxford Paperbacks, London.</span></span></p><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-34485813626007939252023-10-08T13:57:00.000-07:002023-10-08T13:57:02.703-07:00Plant Story--Fameflower and Sunbright, Phemeranthus, Bright Native Succulents<p> I first saw sunbright as little groups of succulent leaves near the plants I was studying, in a rocky grassland in the City of Boulder Open Space. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSIUteaHmwGV9N-YHvPypucjLnKCk5EB09FzT1S9dmAZJtcUkK8jRY5wAIDjtcRtplpbSoMiwt7P3gAncS2GgOyEFtvQ9n_bJeOQXZfZI8XhTFoxjt2Saz3VXzM4j3Gr_EwhGN89A6yanK2R6KCbyJQOBcg-FufxZjbpsPyeuNqugKcmloW_F3pNEZPAA/s2706/tapaflg.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="sunbright, Phemerathus" border="0" data-original-height="2706" data-original-width="1891" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSIUteaHmwGV9N-YHvPypucjLnKCk5EB09FzT1S9dmAZJtcUkK8jRY5wAIDjtcRtplpbSoMiwt7P3gAncS2GgOyEFtvQ9n_bJeOQXZfZI8XhTFoxjt2Saz3VXzM4j3Gr_EwhGN89A6yanK2R6KCbyJQOBcg-FufxZjbpsPyeuNqugKcmloW_F3pNEZPAA/w280-h400/tapaflg.JPG" title="sunbright, Phemerathus" width="280" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">sunbright</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Then I came back on a bright morning, and tiny magenta flowers hung in space. What were those?<p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p>They were fameflowers, also called flameflowers, genus <i>Phemeranthus</i>, small succulents, native to North America.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvwbVnjvc93MoJKryPteAr-teazXNz__rFCg3CoRR4Kmyj_MnU1wL_xYySr_NcwQTkscs-4rk2PCb5KSWJxv6XTVJhtRRAvcsLPsDYf3qJet5KVTTeL2HtVckNvwjq9PSU5xH2aS2chdFVDpJcxA68TDTUu_Od0zahy9txuADwsktoxUGpnidTnsK5viM/s4517/DSC04384.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="fameflower, Phemeranthus calycinus" border="0" data-original-height="4517" data-original-width="2369" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvwbVnjvc93MoJKryPteAr-teazXNz__rFCg3CoRR4Kmyj_MnU1wL_xYySr_NcwQTkscs-4rk2PCb5KSWJxv6XTVJhtRRAvcsLPsDYf3qJet5KVTTeL2HtVckNvwjq9PSU5xH2aS2chdFVDpJcxA68TDTUu_Od0zahy9txuADwsktoxUGpnidTnsK5viM/w210-h400/DSC04384.JPG" title="fameflower, Phemeranthus calycinus" width="210" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Great Plains fameflower,<br /><i>Phemeranthus calycinus</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>The low succulent leaves send up a thin dark stem, like a monofilament line, to stand three or four times the height of the leaves. With buds or developing fruit, it is virtually invisible in the grass. When the flower opens, they are bright magenta, very dramatic. <div><br /></div><div><i>Phemeranthus</i> is a genus of 25 to 30 species, from North, Central, and South America but none from the Old World. There are 16 North American species. The group was split off from <i>Talinum</i> about 30 years ago; <i>Talinum </i>is an Old World genus with (now) only two American species, in Texas and Florida. However, you can still see <i>Phemeranthus</i> species called <i>Talinum</i>, for example by wildflower sellers. </div><div><br /></div><div><i>Phemeranthus</i> was long included in the portulaca family, Portulacaceae, but has been moved, along with its relatives spring beauty (<i>Claytonia</i>) and Indian lettuce (<i>Montia</i>) into their own family, Montiaceae.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihLF6q8D-TgbVw7WGEsdOGJFLJktW9FXRX6Z6WiUs2zewraUC1C2br1caFSZe8i1XbfQYlI-z6gP2YCCXv44WXQAMCHqsDt6WoIDXiZ1iLNQLXKavfU0s7kOa9wYNcqIj4d7MzaRDl3P05gOaudrxHBYQbhA_75zSkNP8kXSinn6bCIXgHqzbqwnhDpos/s4896/DSC04381.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Phemeranthus calycinus Great Plains fameflower" border="0" data-original-height="4896" data-original-width="3672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihLF6q8D-TgbVw7WGEsdOGJFLJktW9FXRX6Z6WiUs2zewraUC1C2br1caFSZe8i1XbfQYlI-z6gP2YCCXv44WXQAMCHqsDt6WoIDXiZ1iLNQLXKavfU0s7kOa9wYNcqIj4d7MzaRDl3P05gOaudrxHBYQbhA_75zSkNP8kXSinn6bCIXgHqzbqwnhDpos/w300-h400/DSC04381.JPG" title="Phemeranthus calycinus Great Plains fameflower" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Great Plains fameflower <i>Phemeranthus calycinus</i> </td></tr></tbody></table><br />The name <i>Phemeranthus</i> is a combination of the Greek words<i> ephemerus</i>, "lasting for one day," and <i>anthus</i>, "flower". These bright flowers open only for a few hours of a single day, like 1:30 to 4 pm. They tend to grow in dense populations, so if a pollinator that spots one flower, will likely find others to visit. Some species of <i>Phemeranthus </i>will set seed from self-pollination, which seems a good back up for making seeds if the flower is so briefly open. However they do it, generally they produce numerous seed pods.</div><div><br /></div><div>Different species of <i>Phemeranthus</i> are found all across North America. Colorado has one or two species depending upon your authority. Below is the one I saw in Boulder County Open Space</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisXAXdU5m7iAx5ugTpgY-w20eTYJFceBmRIP4t0zJAR9rL0qUkceBhJB05YPGSDemAERHlSQMc_u7J3DmfTKcgH7DrWlhyphenhyphen2PVxs8E-vZ0UJWUJvOLM0hyphenhyphenjTLaruitlCGC_BVQshPBSgZClHw2CJd6uNdi3W3AC3uIimk0dcWfosnzDFVcTYsbWCUXpxI8/s1340/P6210011.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="sunbright in the grassland" border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1340" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisXAXdU5m7iAx5ugTpgY-w20eTYJFceBmRIP4t0zJAR9rL0qUkceBhJB05YPGSDemAERHlSQMc_u7J3DmfTKcgH7DrWlhyphenhyphen2PVxs8E-vZ0UJWUJvOLM0hyphenhyphenjTLaruitlCGC_BVQshPBSgZClHw2CJd6uNdi3W3AC3uIimk0dcWfosnzDFVcTYsbWCUXpxI8/w400-h258/P6210011.JPG" title="sunbright" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">sunbright or prairie fameflower</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Cryptic isn't it! It is in the center. A little mound of succulent leaves. </div><div><br /></div><div>Older references call this plant <i>Phemeranthus parviflorus. </i>It is a tiny species, with leaves less than 2" long, and flowers petals just 1/3" long. Its common names are sunbright or small-flower fameflower. <i>Phemeranthus parviflorus</i> has a broad distribution from Texas to North Dakota. </div><div><br /></div><div>But there is confusion. Perhaps this plant I saw should be called <i>Phemeranthus confertiflorus</i>, New Mexico fameflower. <i>The Flora of Colorado</i> 2nd edition, says the species in Colorado is <i>P. confertiflorus</i>, which she calls sunbright. Kiger in the <i>Flora of North America</i> says <i>P. confertiflorus</i> is a variant of<i> P. parviflorus </i>which he didn't recognize as a separate species because<i> P. parviflorus </i>is so variable<i>. </i>The USDA Plants database has both species, both found from Texas to North Dakota, <i>P. confertiflorus</i> also in New Mexico and Arizona but not eastward, <i>P. parviflorus</i> in a series of Midwestern states but not in New Mexico and Arizona. On the USDA's maps, both are in Colorado. I certainly don't know. The plant I saw was the tiny sunbright, whatever its correct scientific name (the only other species of <i>Phemeranthus</i> reported for Colorado is the larger <i>Phemeranthus calycinus</i>, which might be out on the eastern plains of Colorado although the records are few.)</div><div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHx8OPJnaBumGOZRpdgvfkQWV77bfeAa70XWiuA0-8C0S9RsKSfqPDCWuKqGpGO93HgcKknfPMjfuV87wMi_pF5F3YgqzcPCBqwYnyR1E0yGw3xY1z6KnD97PlVVwryJJnAAjllsS-jcAXdOttCuKuidhdHjGXjLS5tSeyKCRQr5mGR4IcCh4PLAAJHRY/s3072/tapa3.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="sunbright" border="0" data-original-height="2304" data-original-width="3072" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHx8OPJnaBumGOZRpdgvfkQWV77bfeAa70XWiuA0-8C0S9RsKSfqPDCWuKqGpGO93HgcKknfPMjfuV87wMi_pF5F3YgqzcPCBqwYnyR1E0yGw3xY1z6KnD97PlVVwryJJnAAjllsS-jcAXdOttCuKuidhdHjGXjLS5tSeyKCRQr5mGR4IcCh4PLAAJHRY/w400-h300/tapa3.JPG" title="sunbright, Phemeranthus" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">sunbright,<i> Phemeranthus</i>, Boulder County</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Thinking this a very pretty plant, this spring I bought three plants of Great Plains fameflower, also called rock-pink fameflower, <i>Phemeranthus calycinum. </i>My resident rabbit immediately ate one but the others, better hidden perhaps, survived to flower. Those are the photos with flowers. I have photographed sunbright's flowers, but the pictures were badly out of focus (tiny flower nowhere near the leaves high on a slim thread in a windy prairie--difficult!)</p>Here are the leaves of Great Plains fameflower, much larger than sunbright.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm2jXXHwi99MrG1WV8TQJF1xXyPLgpImg30AcdON2M7mdqWqg3PZR86vmnjrpAqi1YdutKRgG4bC0F8XvljZHloW5NUOwqAa3Zm6y9msRs3sq-jOJW9NesV1ckpnKTU2MoMUAk404bWNJjGksA1bVRL-74NDokcf9pLROEsv7c-xPYpw86QhUY9HdusnY/s4896/DSC04383.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Great Plains fameflower, Phemeranthus calycinus" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm2jXXHwi99MrG1WV8TQJF1xXyPLgpImg30AcdON2M7mdqWqg3PZR86vmnjrpAqi1YdutKRgG4bC0F8XvljZHloW5NUOwqAa3Zm6y9msRs3sq-jOJW9NesV1ckpnKTU2MoMUAk404bWNJjGksA1bVRL-74NDokcf9pLROEsv7c-xPYpw86QhUY9HdusnY/w400-h300/DSC04383.JPG" title="Great Plains fameflower, Phemeranthus calycinus" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">And a distance photo, showing it in its brief moment of glory</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVm4FfXjhrkmEPEEqek_KKAidzOHrZDC2Uk7fS9871EBMzk3ayidW-fccldzVFJMUBjHA_OhLGBK9lI9GRAShXeNE7mKdUYWEqZ2LzjjqsxZIoQHzCq5ojHnGRkEiWxDO2t2o_YHj6jg-AZQD4bIOO4XVSPusEFJHEuQZT09PEIYLpcWGJWQhzcTMc3Bc/s2216/DSC04380.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="rockpink fameflower, Phemeranthus calycinus" border="0" data-original-height="2216" data-original-width="1881" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVm4FfXjhrkmEPEEqek_KKAidzOHrZDC2Uk7fS9871EBMzk3ayidW-fccldzVFJMUBjHA_OhLGBK9lI9GRAShXeNE7mKdUYWEqZ2LzjjqsxZIoQHzCq5ojHnGRkEiWxDO2t2o_YHj6jg-AZQD4bIOO4XVSPusEFJHEuQZT09PEIYLpcWGJWQhzcTMc3Bc/w340-h400/DSC04380.JPG" title="rockpink fameflower, Phemeranthus calycinus" width="340" /></a></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In the City of Boulder Open Space, most sunbright plants died within a year, but a few grew very big (for sunbright) and lived several years, growing on gravel or amid rocks. In the Nebraska sandhills, I found sunbright up on the slopes of the dunes and another slightly larger species, sand fameflower, <i>Phemeranthus rugospermus</i>, a hundred yards below in the taller grass of the more level sand between dunes. They like hot, rocky or sandy areas where the conditions reduce competition from other plants. Websites from the eastern U.S. find their species in similar places. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The Ramah Navajo used sunbright root bark to treat sores, as a poultice or lotion. Which suggests they could find enough plants to make a medicine. I suspect sunbright and the fameflowers are not so much rare as really inconspicuous plants found in specialized habitats. Watch for them!</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Comments and corrections welcome.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">References </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Ackerfield, J. 2022. Flora of Colorado. 2nd edition. BRIT Press, Fort Worth, Texas. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Kaul, R. B., D. Sutherland and S. Rolfsmeier. 2011. The Flora of Nebraska. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln, NE.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Kiger, R. W. <i>Phemeranthus </i>Rafenseque. Flora of North America. Accessed 10/7/23.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Minnesota Wildflowers. <i>Phemeranthus rugospermus</i> (Rough-Seeded Fameflower) <a href="https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/rough-seeded-fameflower" target="_blank">link </a> Accessed 10/7/23.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Moerman, D. E. 1998. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press. Portland, OR. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Plant of the Week. Quill Fameflower (<i>Phemeranthus teretifolius</i> (Pursh.) Raf.) U.S. Forest Service <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/phemeranthus_teretifolius.shtml" target="_blank">link</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Weber, W.A. and R. C. Wittmann. 2001. Colorado Flora. Eastern Slope. 3rd ed. University Press of Colorado. Boulder, CO.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Weber, W.A. and R. C. Wittmann. 2012. Colorado Flora. Western Slope. 4th ed. University Press of Colorado. Boulder, CO.</div><div><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-1602726698496686992023-10-01T15:30:00.001-07:002023-10-01T15:30:00.167-07:00Northwest Oregon<p>My friend, showing me around her beloved Oregon, took me to the coast at Seaside. </p><p>We walked the beach. (Of course!) Inland, in Portland, it was in the upper 80s and getting hotter. The beach, on the other hand, was chilly enough to require a sweatshirt. And the ocean so cold that few people were in the water.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrj8ehcGl3dmSk7fV0IPgGw7_1uBO0gWcLdI74sAc0p43zg59JFiuEfjZWHpegOhA2NxFt2OBz014TonN9YoVuRmRUcm_lrH0TxjadWTffFYCgV3XStlY-IXkMT2M-PHKKYIJ7phyt9QNcyrFvVoK4YQuMTDrLhk8bv2ip7wq19d_GR_DuCbyQtJf_fSU/s4896/DSC04480.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="beach at Seaside, Oregon" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrj8ehcGl3dmSk7fV0IPgGw7_1uBO0gWcLdI74sAc0p43zg59JFiuEfjZWHpegOhA2NxFt2OBz014TonN9YoVuRmRUcm_lrH0TxjadWTffFYCgV3XStlY-IXkMT2M-PHKKYIJ7phyt9QNcyrFvVoK4YQuMTDrLhk8bv2ip7wq19d_GR_DuCbyQtJf_fSU/w400-h300/DSC04480.JPG" title="beach at Seaside, Oregon" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">beach at Seaside, Oregon</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific in 1805 at what is now Seaside. There is a monument:<p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkVRzR74bHmrPhjm-BUvWQJ-QeqopWxY61Rw8fYRp8-Z0RZKsSUk_58D74qSLDVt-ML6XPByNyW9A7ZenUJOz056LX3pMrB4SsiNYhRzaenHMUfPs6eofvlwYI7FTK8ggIxBRHTAtTgx_-JJLBEaP2I9XxARkTN74hTmCW_GcWu1o4lA5yV43TJIhuVkg/s4681/DSC04477.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific" border="0" data-original-height="4681" data-original-width="3286" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkVRzR74bHmrPhjm-BUvWQJ-QeqopWxY61Rw8fYRp8-Z0RZKsSUk_58D74qSLDVt-ML6XPByNyW9A7ZenUJOz056LX3pMrB4SsiNYhRzaenHMUfPs6eofvlwYI7FTK8ggIxBRHTAtTgx_-JJLBEaP2I9XxARkTN74hTmCW_GcWu1o4lA5yV43TJIhuVkg/w281-h400/DSC04477.JPG" title="Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific" width="281" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Seaside is quite a tourist town, but quaint for all that. Here, on the creek, the paddle boats you can rent look like swans.</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdPz8KsZS6chx_49GfYEvFYmF_xFOt9MmVaOIqg9EU20lbv88QSNS_yz7almS1diupVs34aB9Cc8mXJuRta4bCLE_u_UwfcTo7jKiEgi3hAUQjA-sKDBOM-9EcWYfAD_wQM7_iFAHxNNT9DPX-_XRVzA_bJTcNZyFgYDg3Cus4IMmClpax5qJ0P3E1mo0/s4896/DSC04481.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdPz8KsZS6chx_49GfYEvFYmF_xFOt9MmVaOIqg9EU20lbv88QSNS_yz7almS1diupVs34aB9Cc8mXJuRta4bCLE_u_UwfcTo7jKiEgi3hAUQjA-sKDBOM-9EcWYfAD_wQM7_iFAHxNNT9DPX-_XRVzA_bJTcNZyFgYDg3Cus4IMmClpax5qJ0P3E1mo0/w400-h300/DSC04481.JPG" title="Seaside, Oregon" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Seaside, Oregon</td></tr></tbody></table><br />We went north from there, to Astoria, at the northern edge of Oregon. <div><br /></div><div>The great bridge takes you across the Columbia River into Washington State<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4a8jKFHsRHgk8e6FNQ7psEZh61aRSSwQHijU56FzVyu4klUPViQNpIg_58UWi3rgBVVQq8TbtLgphZufMkAdx6U-E8mKUynrmBDcVbv_OgurhG5uv7mq2tJ5TDoXui_dT_rXAgCHn3uOVeppxlf6F_WT6GGd-WHWdUHmdJOSmEMrX0I4kD0bJrTIoztU/s4896/DSC04484.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Astoria Oregon, looking north and west" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4a8jKFHsRHgk8e6FNQ7psEZh61aRSSwQHijU56FzVyu4klUPViQNpIg_58UWi3rgBVVQq8TbtLgphZufMkAdx6U-E8mKUynrmBDcVbv_OgurhG5uv7mq2tJ5TDoXui_dT_rXAgCHn3uOVeppxlf6F_WT6GGd-WHWdUHmdJOSmEMrX0I4kD0bJrTIoztU/w400-h300/DSC04484.JPG" title="Astoria Oregon, looking north and west" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Astoria, Oregon</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div>There were big tankers on the Columbia<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii_3C1XnozNqHIE2kuEvFrHiG0W7lHMfp_Xm9UaxKBfCYKUUA28jrb0CcOJIVIPDDc-6HWRNwf8olRSWOLCm7M_bsqWqOECgDOEuz_bN94w7aZE4HD53UimZ82BhmoQpbmlEPQxEO7ROVqJE4KYmDIcoF2RKDEEkDB6Rr5rcdWh6BgOfQmZ0N-Hiw5aHQ/s4896/DSC04485.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Columbia River from Astoria, OR" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii_3C1XnozNqHIE2kuEvFrHiG0W7lHMfp_Xm9UaxKBfCYKUUA28jrb0CcOJIVIPDDc-6HWRNwf8olRSWOLCm7M_bsqWqOECgDOEuz_bN94w7aZE4HD53UimZ82BhmoQpbmlEPQxEO7ROVqJE4KYmDIcoF2RKDEEkDB6Rr5rcdWh6BgOfQmZ0N-Hiw5aHQ/w400-h300/DSC04485.JPG" title="Columbia River from Astoria, OR" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">We climbed the Astoria Column, which rises 125 feet on the top of a hill above the city. I don't know why I didn't take a picture of the Column, but I only have pictures <i>from</i> the Column. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Here's the view looking north</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHdVv43vu4yVrkgkDWOte3qUCIxaZLFw15yn-jD6qQgqDqooEs4GfPcNh2PGc_aeY2OdZmPRHKZdyj7a5ZYJoUr-rFYotoL4y-XVtaNiMr_B9i28iPODWzv4Dka3TiWOBvCNQKmHv0qxmC8ol5aYXb0_fNOHNIWPjYB0B3I3UdZtpeNwkJUA8EEKhPTzk/s2758/DSC04494%202.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Looking north from the Astoria Column" border="0" data-original-height="2339" data-original-width="2758" height="339" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHdVv43vu4yVrkgkDWOte3qUCIxaZLFw15yn-jD6qQgqDqooEs4GfPcNh2PGc_aeY2OdZmPRHKZdyj7a5ZYJoUr-rFYotoL4y-XVtaNiMr_B9i28iPODWzv4Dka3TiWOBvCNQKmHv0qxmC8ol5aYXb0_fNOHNIWPjYB0B3I3UdZtpeNwkJUA8EEKhPTzk/w400-h339/DSC04494%202.JPG" title="Looking north from the Astoria Column" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking north</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Looking east </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8lepaTFxq9jntvWwoAujhYZLgvYNmNvWDzOg4mL_Wtupcx0OzYwl0DEVjdnVU7SbPCHUyo9_W17T4PrpuwTneCkLnF1q7yEkHREADzckK2m4rf5yROkAF6WhQT8TfZ2TwHBCssjGpggSMmuFvx8LYUXk8oWaNtp0PS3P_jwu24PDSGY0RMQbjYHS0_hs/s2723/DSC04494.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="looking east from the Astoria Column" border="0" data-original-height="2599" data-original-width="2723" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8lepaTFxq9jntvWwoAujhYZLgvYNmNvWDzOg4mL_Wtupcx0OzYwl0DEVjdnVU7SbPCHUyo9_W17T4PrpuwTneCkLnF1q7yEkHREADzckK2m4rf5yROkAF6WhQT8TfZ2TwHBCssjGpggSMmuFvx8LYUXk8oWaNtp0PS3P_jwu24PDSGY0RMQbjYHS0_hs/w400-h381/DSC04494.JPG" title="looking east from the Astoria Column" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking east</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>I live at the base of the Rocky Mountains at almost 5,000 feet elevation. The forests are still 1,000 feet or more higher in elevation. So I was awed by Oregon's forests. My pictures, from the top of the Astoria Column, are 600 feet above sea level. Just look at the forest! Expanses of pine, fir and hemlock, very tall. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Looking down at the parking lot you can get some idea of the scale of the trees.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT1NXQiaU-wXpnDirwkkk9fhcuKIQV08BBB4Af5hPn8-1JRPgtUn4_aMvKR8q0zxjhDPpV7rmsFKcwdMMXTzZv5RDSdQaLNRdnRAYu8Gi9h0eyCFnQmGlNtUGurPmw8OZgczUwl6yFvpWPdhu4dUXDcyfYpbW7cy-W89itL_lGqmwD4OoCm4WZeLAMoSM/s4896/DSC04495.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Looking down from the Astoria Column" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT1NXQiaU-wXpnDirwkkk9fhcuKIQV08BBB4Af5hPn8-1JRPgtUn4_aMvKR8q0zxjhDPpV7rmsFKcwdMMXTzZv5RDSdQaLNRdnRAYu8Gi9h0eyCFnQmGlNtUGurPmw8OZgczUwl6yFvpWPdhu4dUXDcyfYpbW7cy-W89itL_lGqmwD4OoCm4WZeLAMoSM/w400-h300/DSC04495.JPG" title="Looking down from the Astoria Column" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking down at the parking lot</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Okay, there are lots of differences between Astoria and Denver. Oregon temperatures are cooler because it is farther north. Temperatures fluctuate less in water than on land, so the Pacific keeps the adjacent land cooler in summer, warmer in winter, which favors trees. And the rainfall is way higher on the Oregon Coast than on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, 80" of rain per year compared to 15". (But I saw only sunny days.) So sea level forests in Oregon are logical. But it was very different from what I was used to and so, striking. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Back on the ground, here is the view southwestward. That's part of Young's Bay. They had </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKl5tZl3-lH-0yPwTr-x6LRWaWxq7cR90GPYeD7If_G4eQzWBoVyClbw7YdHdZgNlVWPVPMhDJHKBcXJVk3HwbeaJrLXo-Hz-eVF5gsY9PNNKNcSGijheUlKmSCUHNoXu3Bx-VCSm2caAGvpV-t8BatTvlbB6Z72xHrlCturf5b1Wv4I0AuBubNYMM_AE/s4896/DSC04493.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Southwest from the Astoria Column" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKl5tZl3-lH-0yPwTr-x6LRWaWxq7cR90GPYeD7If_G4eQzWBoVyClbw7YdHdZgNlVWPVPMhDJHKBcXJVk3HwbeaJrLXo-Hz-eVF5gsY9PNNKNcSGijheUlKmSCUHNoXu3Bx-VCSm2caAGvpV-t8BatTvlbB6Z72xHrlCturf5b1Wv4I0AuBubNYMM_AE/w400-h300/DSC04493.JPG" title="Southwest from the Astoria Column" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking southwest</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>recently cut the grass, but beyond it was a tangle of berry bushes, maybe a native species of <i>Rubus</i> but more likely an introduced blackberry or raspberry (all are in the genus <i>Rubus</i>) gone wild. Nice to eat, awful to try to hike through.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHJAu6pFY_-CpP9p9GCoCRkiUNbyP-r-bWXJPvQ1ZCOe9m1cdhq9J7TMUaikdRcQrtK3b3hR5E0GEY-3mXWefrA0nNf9hpPR0nwzdE4D9THDWwk_v1nTJH9-boRXHeyqbXXeWDogdd0tW2lVsass5vq6yN6YH-ppMgDjQZyU16gIF6YCYSweoA1suIo3w/s3350/DSC04487.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="vegetation, Astoria Column" border="0" data-original-height="2388" data-original-width="3350" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHJAu6pFY_-CpP9p9GCoCRkiUNbyP-r-bWXJPvQ1ZCOe9m1cdhq9J7TMUaikdRcQrtK3b3hR5E0GEY-3mXWefrA0nNf9hpPR0nwzdE4D9THDWwk_v1nTJH9-boRXHeyqbXXeWDogdd0tW2lVsass5vq6yN6YH-ppMgDjQZyU16gIF6YCYSweoA1suIo3w/w400-h285/DSC04487.JPG" title="vegetation, Astoria Column" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">And here is my shout out to the Oregon or big leaf maple, <i>Acer macrophyllum</i>. They were very common landscape and were very big trees. I have a mature silver maple (<i>Acer </i><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>saccharinum</i></span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: #4d5156; font-size: 14px;">)</span></span></span> in Colorado, and it is half the size of the tree below (not as tall, not as broad). Oregon maples are beautiful!</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJBOYF-t4b-2NrvJD-VWwuRCNyAiF0hjEihqOGhjLJn0UNsjqb4TNScTkIFso8hX38_gXoFfgAeCQBzLqlvyu5FNRLgm-nzFGz-Xny2zkkKXF8Cf-fDSP2q3lXCNTqJ88DAhe7canCQ7qdzF3Me5CC8wn_qCxM9IQdtvfduozKVkXUezjIwJTbjk8ni70/s3717/DSC04500.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Oregon maple, Acer macrophyllum" border="0" data-original-height="3717" data-original-width="2857" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJBOYF-t4b-2NrvJD-VWwuRCNyAiF0hjEihqOGhjLJn0UNsjqb4TNScTkIFso8hX38_gXoFfgAeCQBzLqlvyu5FNRLgm-nzFGz-Xny2zkkKXF8Cf-fDSP2q3lXCNTqJ88DAhe7canCQ7qdzF3Me5CC8wn_qCxM9IQdtvfduozKVkXUezjIwJTbjk8ni70/w308-h400/DSC04500.JPG" title="Oregon maple, Acer macrophyllum" width="308" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Oregon maple, <i>Acer macrophyllum</i></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>New places to me. What fun!<br /><br /> Comments and corrections welcome<p></p></div><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7577407817580433311.post-15260192650345694432023-09-24T21:14:00.000-07:002023-09-24T21:14:07.196-07:00Flowers of Fall<p>We come past the Fall Equinox, considered the beginning of Autumn. Flowers of Spring--crocus, snow drops, daffodils--are famous. This time of year a new group of plants flower, less famous plants than those of Spring. They deserve more acknowledgement. These are the last plants to flower. Their blooms announce the very end of the growing season. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7l967FAanrvwPghvwqSkaIjDVL5lr8OaPcOkPs7AjHW6fQOnZLny6beEcmlm-80dfy2qeBhY_kMJSksAHEPsrDM1slrX4HB6G7oodrCCnuHaAOxk4CdcKeQpmUzkTk94GTQGvEnkssfAHrAUxmY0s0dHibm-BDkVPs_w2iOvJIPCyI-IniIanIzqNpsM/s3089/IMG_1729.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="butterfly on rabbitbrush" border="0" data-original-height="2604" data-original-width="3089" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7l967FAanrvwPghvwqSkaIjDVL5lr8OaPcOkPs7AjHW6fQOnZLny6beEcmlm-80dfy2qeBhY_kMJSksAHEPsrDM1slrX4HB6G7oodrCCnuHaAOxk4CdcKeQpmUzkTk94GTQGvEnkssfAHrAUxmY0s0dHibm-BDkVPs_w2iOvJIPCyI-IniIanIzqNpsM/w400-h338/IMG_1729.JPG" title="battered butterfly on rabbitbrush flowers" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battered butterfly on rabbitbrush (<i>Ericameria</i>) flowers</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>What plants?<p></p><p>Autumn crocuses. Several quite different plants are called autumn crocuses, especially species of <i>Colchicum </i>(lily family, Liliaceae, also called naked ladies and meadow saffron), and saffron crocus (<i>Crocus sativus </i>in the iris family, Iridaceae). They have similar pink or white flowers. Invisible underground until, in September, the flowers shoot up suddenly. Their appearance tells me it is fall.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2SkmxZxSSZxUl1KVj6LS8vKL5fCgWCnb63WFvDr2RhwAPjm4UcXNEs2tyH12RgTvTnAuBfqF7Jm8GGuJICSVYDAouN22sqOSxfoWj79f3_Jhsl79xGdYFqlNfbBIg7FJjhDYorEeTyo9v1P72GN41Zuf544UJPwb1y6JIJXCQCi2cDFx7ilxgDmWCnDQ/s3121/IMG_9403.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="autumn crocus" border="0" data-original-height="2961" data-original-width="3121" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2SkmxZxSSZxUl1KVj6LS8vKL5fCgWCnb63WFvDr2RhwAPjm4UcXNEs2tyH12RgTvTnAuBfqF7Jm8GGuJICSVYDAouN22sqOSxfoWj79f3_Jhsl79xGdYFqlNfbBIg7FJjhDYorEeTyo9v1P72GN41Zuf544UJPwb1y6JIJXCQCi2cDFx7ilxgDmWCnDQ/w400-h380/IMG_9403.JPG" title="autumn crocus" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">autumn crocus</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx0rUBxG0tkLx8UZdvjG1yj9NUn0mdOX7zMky7hSLp0gfgDuy7yEhPT5hgtzgF5dHQbPvYRWbhdxrR519oTA-GRX_12zsy_bnbZk1cwwHOen-CK7ogbbhsO4ukqDs4lqSdZw5nLzJxcizNbD4UwAfuuqQhjExJ6Vj_36h3nV3yV1kSo33oWf_WELopzZ8/s2744/IMG_3181.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="autumn crocus" border="0" data-original-height="2193" data-original-width="2744" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx0rUBxG0tkLx8UZdvjG1yj9NUn0mdOX7zMky7hSLp0gfgDuy7yEhPT5hgtzgF5dHQbPvYRWbhdxrR519oTA-GRX_12zsy_bnbZk1cwwHOen-CK7ogbbhsO4ukqDs4lqSdZw5nLzJxcizNbD4UwAfuuqQhjExJ6Vj_36h3nV3yV1kSo33oWf_WELopzZ8/w400-h320/IMG_3181.jpeg" title="autumn crocus" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">autumn crocuses</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Another fall flower is chrysanthemum (genus <i>Chrysanthemum</i>, sunflower family Asteraceae). The ones in the garden<i> finally</i> open their flowers as summer becomes fall. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6HFpiT9pAQ6tHu-FkRdN5HoD1ATjfIcRdCfoOCPUMnlJ_OdSzqVf9UNKK63YPUhjxEyusCllWKl7PJOjtJVTB94jCrQ3_k7_95r2AfyrVeid720Q3Iun_r9rs3bG8nKTW5Cx3UNNmX8iivp3Bt94GuQ5qs09anXUwA9_Wr45GRgdaACjcC4Rud__TmP0/s4000/mums4sufnl3.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="chrysanthemums" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6HFpiT9pAQ6tHu-FkRdN5HoD1ATjfIcRdCfoOCPUMnlJ_OdSzqVf9UNKK63YPUhjxEyusCllWKl7PJOjtJVTB94jCrQ3_k7_95r2AfyrVeid720Q3Iun_r9rs3bG8nKTW5Cx3UNNmX8iivp3Bt94GuQ5qs09anXUwA9_Wr45GRgdaACjcC4Rud__TmP0/w400-h300/mums4sufnl3.JPG" title="chrysanthemums" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">chrysanthemums in the garden</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Mums are very popular across Asia, where they are part of Autumn Festival celebrations. In the U.S. as they come into bloom, they suddenly appear as football season corsages and halloween decorations.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfpru_Ff9FI3Vb0pHlCjzpDZFrpx0_vXMF9O1egWzbbyWvi0lQyw7YYkIIuQnT061HcZ2L5P7Vq6wnJQ0dSdmPkC3kjo6Gx-GJHCoHmrytfcHsVhXpszaEvBIcfSE8GrrWDhZLv0_HVqLxoEIU7FFOJT5YclQk1EzkZQScUiavEubdq4vnT2AO0663KHY/s4000/IMG_5989.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="chrysanthemums in pots" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfpru_Ff9FI3Vb0pHlCjzpDZFrpx0_vXMF9O1egWzbbyWvi0lQyw7YYkIIuQnT061HcZ2L5P7Vq6wnJQ0dSdmPkC3kjo6Gx-GJHCoHmrytfcHsVhXpszaEvBIcfSE8GrrWDhZLv0_HVqLxoEIU7FFOJT5YclQk1EzkZQScUiavEubdq4vnT2AO0663KHY/w400-h300/IMG_5989.JPG" title="Chrysanthemums in China" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pots of chrysanthemums in China</td></tr></tbody></table><p>In North American meadows and grasslands, asters, such as the New England aster<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (<span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(77, 81, 86);"><i>Symphyotrichum</i> <i>novae-angliae </i>sunflower family, Asteraceae) are among the last plants to flower. They are so striking.</span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuEg8061yOOTNPzw2jBGofgmcB9fHeoKHxw1r2xNWuVWF8smg0E6Bm9UtVxK5o3jJpreVfn2L-ZgJpSGvnOC-hmLMkLFHeSlz5MFKYwKHelyTp4SztGe9tYBTggz3A210C5IZqAksU3i28RbegPqfaNLC0BRJngdoRuqCx7Nb1Bm1pi2nnUt9KqQqGGtw/s3575/DSC04581.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="New England aster, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae" border="0" data-original-height="3575" data-original-width="2933" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuEg8061yOOTNPzw2jBGofgmcB9fHeoKHxw1r2xNWuVWF8smg0E6Bm9UtVxK5o3jJpreVfn2L-ZgJpSGvnOC-hmLMkLFHeSlz5MFKYwKHelyTp4SztGe9tYBTggz3A210C5IZqAksU3i28RbegPqfaNLC0BRJngdoRuqCx7Nb1Bm1pi2nnUt9KqQqGGtw/w329-h400/DSC04581.JPG" title="New England aster, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae" width="329" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New England aster, <i>Symphyotrichum novae-angliae</i> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrpKAKR9mt4e2E07vyG-3wetIn4fQAGvnN1rp93IubSlgjn6yzlRyr7a-fG3pXm89GIIkGGuNIHfz-f9V4QaDLkQdmoag282Rnk6y7rIbzUaw8k4gMaGhIKvVpEdXW_fa7sFUwufjhHcwJqHP9F9QvLfo6vPoVwu6QVWPD9UFonykZxpGLKIRCBxeSKBs/s3355/IMG_3188.HEIC" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="aster, Symphyotrichum" border="0" data-original-height="2784" data-original-width="3355" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrpKAKR9mt4e2E07vyG-3wetIn4fQAGvnN1rp93IubSlgjn6yzlRyr7a-fG3pXm89GIIkGGuNIHfz-f9V4QaDLkQdmoag282Rnk6y7rIbzUaw8k4gMaGhIKvVpEdXW_fa7sFUwufjhHcwJqHP9F9QvLfo6vPoVwu6QVWPD9UFonykZxpGLKIRCBxeSKBs/w400-h333/IMG_3188.HEIC" title="aster, Symphyotrichum" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>In the west, rabbitbrushes (<i>Chrysothamnus</i> and <i>Ericameria</i> species, sunflower family, Asteraceae; the genus was recently divided into two) light up the countryside </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF3EFsoBWe7IEAYQe-Nqh-ajCvf4UdWMOzmfY1Tk3sBfdZOcQBzOD1cpzluYjHoD1z0weqNvCPunT9n3U2sIdeEMW6R64lcwhHXhF3iMHUtpAHdtsU8cW1CRYbpjoF0YbVoFlGXKjAX7YI6BRK-LPJu6Bco0jzcvm7c1FHl9WvJHUkV240t6RrLMT5v8g/s4000/IMG_0880.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="rabbitbrush" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF3EFsoBWe7IEAYQe-Nqh-ajCvf4UdWMOzmfY1Tk3sBfdZOcQBzOD1cpzluYjHoD1z0weqNvCPunT9n3U2sIdeEMW6R64lcwhHXhF3iMHUtpAHdtsU8cW1CRYbpjoF0YbVoFlGXKjAX7YI6BRK-LPJu6Bco0jzcvm7c1FHl9WvJHUkV240t6RrLMT5v8g/w400-h300/IMG_0880.JPG" title="rabbitbrush, Chrysothamnus and Ericameria" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUsegLNqMHomKPZ2bSKVyO3stEQCnoYg6YQcb1_Kxsi2F6UDqM3J9DrS3N8aNbflpBcd_l9ao9kAdV3n46L5rWu-9eJVk1hcfbqTsITC9l6dCA9lc284H_MMCbMjX4g7fT4xukXaakGGoM3qE-ISwFFeGb9f7hIg9vpP8B2vpfvSCNhMWfY5xI-CQFxIs/s4000/IMG_9696.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="rubber rabbitbrush, Ericameria nauseous" border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUsegLNqMHomKPZ2bSKVyO3stEQCnoYg6YQcb1_Kxsi2F6UDqM3J9DrS3N8aNbflpBcd_l9ao9kAdV3n46L5rWu-9eJVk1hcfbqTsITC9l6dCA9lc284H_MMCbMjX4g7fT4xukXaakGGoM3qE-ISwFFeGb9f7hIg9vpP8B2vpfvSCNhMWfY5xI-CQFxIs/w300-h400/IMG_9696.JPG" title="rubber rabbitbrush, Ericameria nauseous" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">rubber rabbitbrush, <i>Ericameria nauseosus</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p>These late-flowering plants have, through successes and failures, timed their flowering to start when there's just enough time to mature their seeds before winter cold stops all growth. They are perennials, so if the frost is early, they will try for seeds next year. </p><p>Rabbitbrush flowers provide critical food for migratory butterflies such as monarchs and painted ladies. Likely the plants count upon the drive of insects to <i>eat! eat! eat!</i> as temperatures cool, to put on fat so they can hibernate or migrate safely, to have lots of pollinators. </p><p>Chrysanthemums are from Asia and the naked ladies from Europe. Probably both provide end-of-season food for insects there. American butterflies, bees, flies, and beetles, and honeybees visit them in North America.</p><p>What other plants should be on this list?</p><p><br /></p><p>Comments and corrections welcome.</p><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kathy Keeler, A Wandering Botanist</span></div><div style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">More at <a href="http://awanderingbotanist.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">awanderingbotanist.com</a></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: center;">Join me on Facebook: </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist" style="text-align: center;">https://www.facebook.com/AWanderingBotanist</a></span></div><div><br /></div>A Wandering Botanisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06862965150731361253noreply@blogger.com1