Sunday, July 21, 2024
Sunday, July 14, 2024
After Fire, Rocky Mountain Wildflowers
Sunday, July 7, 2024
Polyploidy. Part 5: Patterns of Autopolyploidy
switchgrass, Panicum virgatum, famous autopolyploid |
Polyploidy is whole genome duplication, uncommon in animals, but common in plant evolution, between living plant species and in individuals within plant species. (See previous blogs link). Although it is actually a continuum, botanists recognize allopolyploidy, when the genomes that duplicated come from two different species and autopolyploidy when a single genome doubles. This post is about autopolyploids.
Sunday, June 30, 2024
Middle Elevations in Rocky Mountains in late June
Summer moves steadily up the mountains. As you rise up above the plains of Colorado into the Rocky Mountains, the plants that are done flowering at 5,000 feet elevation are in full bloom at 8,000 feet, but are still in bud at 11,000 feet. Of course not all the plants are able grow from 5000' to 11000' elevation, but many do.
These photos were taken in a ramble around Lily Lake, at 8,931' elevation.
Lily Lake, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado |
Sunday, June 23, 2024
Plant story-- Eriogonum alatum, winged wild buckwheat
Winged wild buckwheat, Eriogonum alatum in flower (yellowish, center) |
Sunday, June 16, 2024
Plant Story--Pussytoes, Antennaria
Pussytoes (Antennaria species, sunflower family, Asteraceae) are cute little plants, easy to recognize when flowering, inconspicuous when they are not. There are about 45 species of Antennaria, mostly in North America plus a few in Europe and South America. The U.S.D.A. plants database gives 36 species of Antennaria in North America, counting Alaska, all of them native.
Antennaria pussytoes |
When flowering, they send up clusters of round flowers, easily imagined as cat feet. (Catsfoot is another common name). The non-flowering plant is a cluster of quite small oval gray-green leaves on the ground, often below the grasses, and so quite inconspicuous.
Sunday, June 9, 2024
Pinks
This flower is a pink. But it is clearly not very pink.
pinks, genus Dianthus |
Sunday, June 2, 2024
Periodical Cicadas--Cicada Tourism
I flew to St. Louis to see the periodical cicadas, brood XIX, 13-year periodical cicadas. Why? Because they are a wonder of the world. No other organism spends 12 or 16 years underground to emerge, mate and lay eggs in the 13th or 17th year, with all of the periodical cicadas in an area synchronized at these very long intervals. Nothing in the world comes even close to it. How could this evolve? They are found only in the eastern U.S. from just west the Missouri River east almost to the Atlantic Ocean, from Wisconsin and New York south to Louisiana, Alabama, northern Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, and nowhere else in the world. I somehow was never in the right place at the right time to see them emerge.
periodical cicada, St. Louis, Missouri |
Sunday, May 26, 2024
Our Natives are Weeds
"We have a marketing failure with natives," Doug Tallamy wrote in Nature's Best Hope. While I think the "grow natives" movement is helping correct that, the fact that many natives are called weeds does discourage loving them.
fireweed, Chamerion |
Lots of our native plants are weeds. That is, they have weed in their common name. Fireweed (Chamerion), milkweed (Asclepias), jewelweed (Impatiens), Joe Pye weed (Eutrochium), and ironweed (Vernonia) to name a few.
Sunday, May 19, 2024
Up the Snake River into Hell's Canyon
We took a motorized boat --jet boat--tour up the Snake River from Clarkston Washington to Hell's Canyon, the deepest river gorge in North America (7.993 ft). The river was wonderfully reflective as we left Clarkston.
Sunday, May 12, 2024
Plant Story - Flixweed, Tansy Mustard, Herb Sophia, Descurainia sophia, Weedy Spring Mustard
As a group, the plants in the mustard or cabbage family, Brassicaceae, are cool weather plants, growing well early in the spring, flowering as the temperatures warm, going to seed in the heat of summer. Familiar mustards are cabbage (Brassica oleracea), broccoli (Brassica oleracea), and mustard itself (mustards are species of Brassica, Rhamphospermum and Sinapsis). These edible mustard family plants were domesticated in Eurasia and they are a small selection of the more than 3,700 species worldwide. North America has 634 native species in the mustard family. It also has more than 100 exotic mustards.
Sunday, May 5, 2024
Plants of Lewis and Clark
My recent cruise down the Snake and Columbia Rivers retraced some of the steps of the 1804 Lewis and Clark Expedition. Also called the Corps of Discovery Expedition, they were sent to explore the area of the new Louisiana Purchase (link) and the region west of it to the Pacific Ocean. The Expedition has grabbed the imagination of people for two centuries now, as they imagine being in a small corps of men (and one woman) going into unknown regions. The Expedition walked, rode, and boated for over 8,000 miles in under three years, roundtrip.
Crow Butte, Washington |
Looking in detail at the discoveries of the Expedition is a reminder of how much the United States didn't know in 1800.
Sunday, April 28, 2024
Polyploidy 4. Distribution of Autopolyploidy
Polyploidy is whole genome duplication, a genetic phenomenon which is widespread in plants and uncommon in animals. The ancestry of most if not all plants includes a doubling of all the chromosomes. In addition, many plant species were formed by crossing between two existing species, with subsequent doubling of the genome which made the hybrid fertile. (See previous blogs Intro to Polyploidy, Crop Plant Polyploidy, Speciation via Polyploidy).
Long known and still poorly understood is variation in polyploidy within a species.
fireweed (Chamerion) has within-species polyploidy |
Sunday, April 21, 2024
Travel Story - Landscapes of a Cruise Down the Columbia River
Monday, April 15, 2024
Growing Natives in Colorado
There is a national push for homeowners in the U.S. to grow plants native to their area (see previous posts part1; part 2; part 3; HNPwebsite). The number of birds and insects have been dropping over the last 50 years. Lack of food is blamed because we replaced native habitat with lawns and parking lots. Rewilding our neighborhoods is not a realistic solution; what is suggested is that we each grow regional natives on our properties, making our yards contribute to local habitat.
Alpine clover Trifolium dasyphyllum, an alpine tundranative that won't survive in Denver, though the distance is only 50-60 miles. |
Sunday, April 7, 2024
Strawberries, Fragaria, Beloved Fruits. 2. Uses and Folklore
Strawberries are popular fruits, eaten world-wide. This is despite the fact that fresh strawberries do not improve after harvest and cannot be stored for very long. So popular are they that we have bred them to produce fruit throughout the growing season, not just briefly in June or July, and ship them from warmer climates or big greenhouses for year-round fresh strawberries, and we freeze them or preserve them as jams and jellies to them always available.
fruit salad with strawberries |
Monday, April 1, 2024
Plant Story -- Strawberries. Fragaria, Beloved Fruits 1. Distribution and Botany
Strawberries, genus Fragaria in the rose family, Rosaceae, are a popular fruit and have been for millennia. Twenty to 24 species are recognized, with cultivated strawberries adding many hybrids and varieties. They are native around the world, mainly in the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere, plus a few Southern Hemisphere species.
strawberries, Fragaria |
Sunday, March 24, 2024
Polyploidy Part 3. Patterns in Nature: Speciation
Polyploidy is whole genome duplication, when all the chromosomes and so, all the genes, of an organism double. In plants, it is very common; easily 3/4 of plants are polyploid.
an Oenothera |
Because polyploidy is a genetic effect that takes place inside the cell's nucleus, it is not casually observed. But botanists discovered polyploidy as soon as they had microscopes to look at the contents of the nucleus and when they tried crossing polyploids and got results that didn't make sense based on diploid genetics. (Diploid = 2 copies of the genome, polyploidy = numbers over 2, like 3, 4, and 6 see previous posts in this series link link). Study of polyploidy began in the early 1900s.
Sunday, March 17, 2024
Plant Story--Catnip, Nepeta cataria, a Well-Known Weedy Herb
Catnip, Nepeta cataria, is one of the better-known little herbs because it is a drug for cats. Cats respond to catnip for about 15 minutes, with distinctive behaviors from rubbing on their faces and rolling in it to grooming and salivating. Young kittens do not respond and some adult cats never do. On the other hand, the response is widespread among cats of all kinds, lions, tigers, cheetahs, lynx, pumas and so on, but not dogs or rabbits or rats or other groups of animals. Since cats are common pets, people provide or grow catnip for them, with the result that catnip is known to many people.
catnip, Nepeta cataria |
Sunday, March 10, 2024
April in Tokyo
Sunday, March 3, 2024
Polyploidy Part 2. And Crop Plants
Polyploidy is whole genome duplication, where all the chromosomes double. Animals rarely survive major chromosome changes, but plants usually do, leading to aspects of plant genetics that are quite different from animals.
strawberry, Fragaria ananassa |
Even though you cannot easily spot a polyploid by looking at it, polyploidy is not obscure. Many common, important plants are polyploid, for example bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), white potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), coffee (Coffea arabica), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) and cotton (Gossypium tomentosum). Researchers estimate that 75% of all plants, and likewise, 75% of crops, are polyploids.
Sunday, February 25, 2024
Still Winter? More Flowers!
It is still winter for me. The ground is brown and cold. Oh, I can see a trace of green in the lawn and a new shoot or two on the iris, if I look carefully. My snowdrops and crocuses are out of the ground, but not yet flowering. So, here are photos of summer flowers for cheer. Just a few more months...
Annual sunflower, the cultivated Ukrainian sunflower, Helianthus annuus
Sunday, February 18, 2024
Polyploidy, Multiple Copies of the Genome. Part 1. Basics
Saturday, February 10, 2024
Plant Story--Sambucus nigra, Black Elderberry Uses and Folklore
Since prehistory times, humans all over the world have collected black elderberries, the fruit of black elder (Sambucus nigra, viburnum family, Viburnaceae) (see previous post: link). The plant has been used medicinally for that long as well. In addition, it grows into a nice tree, 20, sometimes 30, feet tall, with useful wood. The leaves were used as insect repellents. Folklore abounded, some protecting the plant, some considering it accursed. My herbal, traditional, and folklore books have long sections on elder. Here is a selection of what they say.
black elderberries, Sambucus nigra |
Sunday, January 28, 2024
Plant Story--Sambucus, Elder or Elderberry, Widespread Tasty Berry
Species in the genus Sambucus are called elder. That somehow doesn't sound right to my eastern North American ear, so I always say elderberries. That name I prefer is clearly weird--the tree doesn't always have berries, or the berries are just the fruit of the elder--but I'm not alone in this speech pattern, you can see it in a lot of U.S. writing. Historically and properly, it was elder, but bear with me, I keep sticking -berry on the name.
Elderberry with berries |
Sunday, January 21, 2024
Flowers, Since its Midwinter
Sunday, January 14, 2024
Travel Story--Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
Sunday, January 7, 2024
Plant Story--Lovely Fernbush, Chamaebatiaria millefolium
The plant I call fernbush is an American shrub native to the U.S. west, from eastern Oregon and Idaho south to California and New Mexico. It grows to be about 10 feet tall, spreading to 10' wide. It has leaves with lots of divisions, hence the name fernbush, with a rich spicy scent. The flowers rise in spikes of white flowers with yellow centers. The USDA plants data base calls it desert sweet. An older plant book called it tansybush, because the leaves look like, and smell a little like, the garden plant tansy (Tanacetum vulgare).
fernbush Chamaebataria millefolium |